한국의 재생산 위기와 케어레짐의 재구조화
A Reproductive Crisis in South Korea and the Reconfiguration of its Care Regime
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이 논문은 지속적으로 심화되어온 한국의 재생산 위기의 양상과 원인을 진단하고, 이를 극복하고자 시도하는 과정에서 한국 케어레짐이 어떻게 재구조화되어 왔는지 분석하는 연구이다. 케어(care)는 2000년대 중반이후 한국 복지국가 변동의 핵심이 며, 케어의 제도화는 국가적 차원의 재생산 위기에 직면하여 포괄적 케어개혁을 통 해 대응해온 결과이다. 정부는 거시적 차원과 미시적 차원에서 케어의 책임과 비용 을 재분배함으로써 가족과 여성의 케어 부담을 완화하고, 이것이 궁극적으로 출산율 의 점진적 회복으로 이어지도록 의도하였다. 지난 십여 년간 한국 케어레짐은 거시 적 차원에서는 국가가 제도도입과 개선, 재정투입 확대, 규제 강화를 통해 더 큰 케 어의 책임을 맡기 시작했다. 한국정부는 아동과 의존적 노인들을 위해 특히 시설중 심 케어서비스를 확대함으로써 케어의 탈가족화를 시도해 왔다. 그러나 케어의 사회 화 정도는 대상집단에 따라 차이가 있었다. 미시적 차원에서는 양성평등 아젠다를 케어의 영역까지 확대하여 가정내 여성의 케어 부담을 완화시키기 위해 노력해 왔 다. 그러나 가정내 여성과 남성의 케어 부담을 유사한 수준으로 재분배하는 데는 이 르지 못했다. 종합해 볼 때 한국 케어레짐은 제한된 수준이나마 공공성이 강화된 방 향으로 진화하고 있음이 포착된다. 그러나 결혼과 출산에 대한 인위적이고 도구적 접근은 그 한계가 명확해진 상황에서 케어정책 패러다임의 전환은 불가피해 보인다. 재생산 위기를 극복할 수 있는 지속가능한 케어레짐을 구축하기 위해서는 국가에 의 한 직접적인 케어서비스 제공도 중요하겠지만, 개인과 가족이 일과 케어를 양립할 수 있도록 지원하는데 그치지 않고 사회경제적 불이익을 당하지 않고 ‘케어(의 시간) 를 선택할 자유’를 보다 폭넓게 보장할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
This study examines the nature of reproductive crisis in South Korea(Korea hereafter) and analyzes how the Korean welfare state has responded by reforming its care regimes since the mid-2000s. Drawing on statistical data and governmental policy literature, the paper firstly discusses the reproductive crisis the Korean society is facing in terms of ‘care crisis’ in essence caused by the deteriorating care deficit through socio-cultural and economic changes over decades. Then the paper examines in what ways those social changes have exacerbated the care crisis in Korea from both demand and supply sides. By utilizing the care regime framework by Daly and Lewis(2002), the paper goes on to analyze the Korean care reform since 2005. The approach is two-dimensional. On the macro-level, the paper investigates how care responsibility has been redistributed among family, the market and the state through a combination of childcare and eldercare policies. On the micro-level, the paper investigates in what way care work is rebalanced between family members, notably between mothers and fathers by a set of parental leaves and work-home reconciliation policies. It was discovered that the Korean government has been to some degree successful in reducing the care burden of family by increasing the responsibility of the state; however, the degree of care socialization differs between the cases of childcare and eldercare. Regarding the care rebalancing between family members, the policy effects are currently limited to enhancing work-home reconciliating of women. Lastly, the paper suggests that individuals and families should have more freedom to choose to ‘care’ as well as ‘work and care’ without being socially and economically disadvantaged.
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