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세계화와 농업문제의 전환

Globalization and Changing Agrarian Questions

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초록

농업문제는 시대별로 그 내용이 변화되어왔다. 농업문제를 최초로 제기한 실천가들은농업의 봉건적 생산관계를 타파하고 자본의 본원적 축적을 뒷받침하며, 농업생산력을발전시키고 노동자계급과 농민의 동맹으로 민주주의혁명을 달성하는 것을 과제로 설정했다. 제2차 세계대전 후 선진국의 복지국가, 개도국의 개발국가 시기에는 농업보호정책을 통해 농업문제를 완화시켰지만 과중한 재정부담이 문제였다. 스태그플레이션과 재정적자 문제에 대응하여 전개된 신자유주의 세계화 시대에는 농산물무역을 전면적으로 자유화하면서 식량이 제약 없는 상품이 되고 자본의 농업지배가 심화되며 공장식 축산 등농업생산력이 모순적으로 발전했다. 이에 대응해 농업생산 내부의 자본주의적 경영도성장하는 한편 농민의 빈곤화로 빈농, 이농자가 대량 발생하여 이들의 고용문제가 핵심적인 문제로 등장했다. 이와 함께 농업은 생태위기의 영향과 금융자본, 투기자본의 작용으로 농산물가격 폭등이라는 식량위기를 겪게 되었고 그 여파로 농업생산 증대를 위한농지약탈 현상까지 전개되고 있다. 공업적 농업, 특히 공장식 축산은 생태위기를 가속시켰다. 농업생산과 무역의 세계화에 반대하고 식량주권과 농민의 생활 보장을 요구하는농민운동이 전 세계적으로 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 이것이 안전한 식량을 요구하는 소비자운동과 결합되면 WTO와 FTA에 의한 신자유주의적 세계화는 강하게 도전받게 될것이다.

Abstract

Agrarian questions had changed with the eras. Activists who raised agrarian questions first, posed it as abolishing feudal relations of production and accentuating primitive accumulation of capital, developing productive forces of agriculture, and accomplishing democratic revolution by alliance between labor class and peasantries. After second world war, welfare state of developed countries and developmental state of developing countries alleviated agrarian questions through land reform and price support policies, but took the problem of too heavy fiscal burden. At the era of neoliberal globalization responding to stagflation and aggravating fiscal deficit, throughly liberalizing agricultural trade led to unlimited commodification of food, deepening capital control of agriculture and food, and raising productive forces of agriculture contradictorily as industrial farming. Corresponding to it, capitalist farms grew within agricultural sector and massive growth of poor peasants and migrants through impoverishment of peasantries raised unemployment problem of them. Together with it, we met food crisis such as sharp rise of food price, influenced by ecological crisis and speculation of finance capital. Phenomenon of land grabbing aimed at expanding agricultural production has been developing widely in many developing countries. Industrial farming accelerated ecological crisis. Peasant movement opposing globalisation of agricultural production and trade, demanding food sovereignty and peasant livelihood, spread lively across the world. Combined with consumer movement demanding safe food, it challenges to neoliberal globalisation of agriculture on the ground of WTO and FTA.

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