세계화 시대 라틴아메리카 농촌 빈곤 감축정책의 한계와 대안적 논의
Latin American Rural Poverty Reduction Policies in the Era of Economic Globalisation: Limitations and Alternatives
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라틴아메리카에서 농업 자본주의 발전과 그에 따른 사회적 변동은 정책적 논의와 다양한 학문적 연구의 주요 원천이 되어 왔다. 식민시대로부터 이어져온 불평등한 토지 분배 구조와 그에 따른 저발전의 문제, 농업 자본주의발전에 따른 농촌 사회 변동과 농업 개혁 (agrarian reform), 20세기 중반 농민들의 저항과 토지 개혁의 문제, 그리고 최근에 이르러 신자유주의 세계화와농촌 사회 변화에 따른 농촌 발전과 빈곤 감축 정책까지, 그 논의는 매우 다양하게 전개되어 왔다. 특히 최근 몇 십년간 라틴아메리카 국가들에서 전개된 발전 모델의 전환과 전 세계적인 경제 자유화 경향에 따라 라틴아메리카농촌 사회는 급진적인 변화를 겪어 왔으며, 그 변화와 관련된 정책적 논의와학문적 관심 또한 증가해왔다. 하지만 이러한 정책적, 학문적 관심의 증가에도 불구하고, 특히 국내에서의 농촌 개발과 빈곤 감축에 대한 논의의 경우주로 개발 기구를 중심으로 한 프로젝트 단위의 정책의 고안, 이행, 평가에집중된 바, 이러한 정책 이행의 배경이 되는 빈곤의 요인에 대한 학문적 논의는 부족했던 것이 사실이다. 이 글의 목적은 그동안의 주류 라틴아메리카농촌 발전과 빈곤 감축 정책과 그 논의의 한계를 지적하고 라틴아메리카 농촌의 자본주의 발전과 사회 변동의 구조적 분석의 필요성을 강조하며, 대안적 시각을 제시하는 것에 있다.
Abstract
In Latin America, capitalist development of agriculture and its related rural transformation have brought a lot of academic and policy-related debates. Issues range from unequal structure of land distribution in the colonial times and the problem of underdevelopment, capitalist development of agriculture, its subsequent rural transformation and agrarian reform, peasant protests and demand for land distribution in the mid-twentieth century to the recent debates on economic globalisation, the changing rural landscape, as well as rural development and poverty reduction. In particular, economic reform and liberalisation have significantly transformed the Latin American rural landscape in recent decades, which has become an important source for rising interests both from academics and policy-makers. Despite this increasing concerns, however, the Korean development communities have quite a limited focus on rural development and poverty reduction, i.e. the design, implementation and assessment of project-based rural poverty reduction. This is an important effort but sometimes tends to ignore the long-term roots and impacts of policies. Against this backdrop, this article aims to examine the limitations of mainstream rural poverty reduction policy and approaches and argue for alternative perspective on the issue, i.e. the politicisation of poverty, by underlining the importance of accounting for structural causes of poverty
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