형평성의 관점에서 평가한 미국의 협약학교
Evaluation of Charter Schools from the Equity Perspective
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이 논문에서는 미국의 협약학교를 협약학교의 성과에 대한 실증적 연구 결과들을 바탕으로 형평성의 관점에서 평가하였다. 첫째, 협약학교는 주로 소수계와 저소득계층 등 취약계층 밀집지역에 설립되어 있기 때문에 취약학생들을 많이 수용하고 있지만, 인근 일반 공립학교에 비해 상대적으로 취약학생을 더 많이 수용하고 있는지에 대한 증거는 복합적이다. 소수계, 특히 흑인은 일관되게 인근 일반 공립학교보다 협약학교에 더 많이 분포되어 있는 것으로 나타나는 반면, 저소득층은 협약학교에 상대적으로 더 적게 분포되어 있다는 증거들이 더 많이 발견된다. 둘째, 인종별 분리 현상에 대해서는 정교한 분석 방법에 기초한 최근의 연구들은 협약학교에 소수계 학생들이 많이 진학하고 있으며, 협약학교가 인종 분리 현상을 강화시키는 경향이 있음을 보고하고 있다. 학업성취도에 의한 선발효과에 대해서는 주 단위의 연구들은 일반 공립학교로부터 상대적으로 학업성취도가 낮은 학생들이 협약학교로 이동하고 있는 경향을 보고하고 있는 반면, 일부 시 단위의 연구들은 이전에 다니던 학교의 또래들보다 상대적으로 성취도가 다소 높은 학생들이 협약학교로 이동하는 것으로 보고하고 있어 일관성 있는 결론을 도출하기 어렵다. 셋째, 협약학교의 학업성취도 향상 효과를 분석한 연구들은 일관되지 않은 결과들을 보고하고 있음에도 불구하고 취약집단의 학업성취도 향상 효과에 대해서는 대다수의 연구들이 일관되게 협약학교가 일반 공립학교에 비해 학업성취도를 더 크게 향상시키는 효과가 있다고 보고하고 있다.
Abstract
This study attempted to evaluate charter school policies from the equity perspective on the basis of empirical studies on the outcomes of charter schools in America. First, since charter schools tend to be established in disadvantaged communities, they tend to enroll a high proportion of at-risk students. However, I could not reach a consistent conclusion regarding whether charter schools were more likely to enroll at-risk students than traditional public schools. While minorities, particularly African Americans, were found to be distributed more in charter schools than in traditional public schools, more evidence was found to show that fewer children from low-income families were distributed in the former than in the latter. Second, as for racial segregation, recent studies employing more elaborated research methodologies show that charter schools tend to strengthen racial segregation. With respect to cream skimming, studies do not yield consistent evidence: the state level studies report that students with lower levels of academic achievement are more likely to move to charter schools, whereas some city-level studies show that higher achieving students are more likely to move to charter schools. Third, although studies do not show consistent results regarding the effectiveness of charter schools in raising student academic achievement in general, most studies support the idea that charter schools are more effective than traditional public schools in raising the academic achievement levels of at-risk students.
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