경제위기와 선거권위주의 체제의 안정성: 러시아 푸틴 정권의 사례
Economic Crisis and an Electoral Authoritarian Regime’s Stability: The Case of Russia’s Putin Regime
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이 글은 러시아 푸틴 정권의 사례를 통해, 경제 상황이 선거권위주의 체제의 두 안정성 지표라 할 대중지지도 및 엘리트 응집성 변동에 끼친 영향을 포괄적 · 통시적으로 분석한다. 또한 ‘우크라이나 사태’ 이후 서방의 대러 경제제재 및 그로 인한 경제위기의 심화에도 불구하고, 푸틴 체제가 다시금 공고해지게끔 추동한 원인 역시 밝히고자 한다. 2000년 이후 푸틴 대통령은 국제 에너지가격 상승 덕분에 강한 대중적 지지기반을 구축할 수 있었다. 비록 선거권위주의 체제의 본질적 속성대로 엘리트파벌 간 갈등이 나타났지만, 높은 경제성장세 속에서 정치적 분화로까지 연결되지는 않았다. 그러나 2008년 시작된 경제 침체로 인해 차츰 떨어지던 대중지지도가 급격히 하락하기 시작하고 메드베데프-푸틴 양두체제하에서 분파 간 갈등까지 극대화되면서, 결국 체제는 안정성의 위기를 맞게 되었다. 하지만 ‘우크라이나 사태’를 통한 푸틴 정권의 관심전환 전략으로 미러 간 역내 경쟁이 부각되고, 국내적으로 민족주의가 부상하면서 다시금 안정성을 회복하는 양상이다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes how the variable of economic condition has influenced the popularity and elite cohesiveness of Russia’s electoral authoritarian regime, relying on the theoretical view of electoral authoritarianism. And it also explains why the Putin regime could be once again solidified, despite the West’s intensive economic sanctions against Russia and her deep economic recession after the ‘Ukrainian affair’. President Putin had been able to achieve a strong foundation of public support, due to the sharp rising of global energy prices, after 2000. Although conflicts between elite factions arose as an essential character of electoral authoritarian regimes, they did not lead to a political division because of the high economic growth rate. However, the regime eventually faced the crisis of stability, as the government’s popularity, which had gradually declined after the economic recession in 2008, began to fall rapidly and the conflict between elite factions also became serious under the Medvedev-Putin diarchy. But the Putin regime’s diversionary strategy via the ‘Ukrainian affair’ underlined the U.S.-Russia competition around the Eurasian region and further caused the new rise of domestic nationalism, which makes it recover the regime stability.
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