참수작전의 효과성에 관한 논쟁과 그 시사점
Controversies on the Effectiveness of Decapitation Operations and Their Implications to Korean Military Strategies
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초록
‘테러와의 전쟁’이 시작된 이래 미국에서 ‘참수전략’은 대(對)분란작전과 대(對)테러리즘의 근간으로 자리매김해왔다. 미국은 2003년 이라크전쟁의 초기 단계에서처럼 정규전에서도 이를 적용해 참수작전을 시도했다. 국내에서도 ‘참수부대’의 창설이 이슈가 되었던 2017년 이후 이 작전에 대한 관심은 단속적이나마 이어지고 있다. 그러나 해외에서는 이에 대한 연구가 양적·질적으로 심화되고, 특히 그 효과성에 대해서는 첨예한 논쟁까지 진행되어왔지만, 국내의 논의는 매우 초보적인 수준에 머물러 있다. 이 글은 참수작전에 대한 보다 깊이 있는 이해를 도모하여 궁극적으로는 그에 관한 국내의 기존 이해가 새롭게 주목해야 할 부분들을 드러내는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 참수작전의 이론적 기초를 정립하고, 다음으로는 그 효과성과 성공적 실행가능성을 둘러싸고 그간 해외에서 치열하게 전개된 논쟁을 고찰하여 그 속에서 주요한 시사점들을 도출한다.
Abstract
The decapitation strategy, aimed at removing the leadership of a hostile government or militant group to affect the system it influences, has been a cornerstone of United States’ strategies of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism since the beginning of the ‘war on terror’. United States conducted decapitation operations even in regular warfare, as we could witness in the opening phase of the Iraq War in 2003. In Korea, a more serious interest in decapitation operations belatedly got into its stride in 2017 when the first comment from the Minister of Defense on the formation of a ‘decapitation unit’ was made. However, the existing understanding in Korea of decapitation operations remains rudimentary at best since, unlike United States, the initial attention to ‘decapitation’ in 2017 could not be successful in leading a deeper discussion on the subject. In order to deepen our knowledge of decapitation operations, this article first examines the theoretical foundations of such operations, and then reviews the ongoing debates abroad on the overall effectiveness and the possibility of successful implementation of decapitation operations. Consequently, this article draws some implications from the debates to suggest reconsideration of existing approaches in Korea to decapitation operations. It underlines a critical necessity for breaking away from an existing rudimentary understanding of decapitation operations and for cultivating a more earnest discussion of the effectiveness and the possibility of successful implementation of such operations in Korea.
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