다차원적도법을 활용한 중국 공공미술 사전 평가요소의 범주화에 관한 연구
A Study on the Categorization of Pre-Evaluation Elements in Chinese Public Art Using Multidimensional Scaling Method
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(연구배경 및 목적) 세계 각지에서 공공미술의 긍정적 영향이 점차 드러나고 있지만, 도시의 빠른 변화에 따라 공공미술은 전통적인 후기 단계 개입에서 도시 발전의 핵심 요소로 전환되는 중요한 분기점에 직면하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 합리적인 사전평가의 중요성을 강조하는데, 이는 프로젝트가 목표를 성공적으로 달성할 수 있는지 여부뿐만 아니라 현재의 정치, 사회, 문화적 배경 하에서 계획, 디자인, 운영, 관리의 관점에서 공공미술의 실현 가능성을 보다 포괄적으로 고려하는 것과 관련이 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 공공미술 프로젝트의 사전평가 요소를 심층적이고 체계적으로 분석하고 분류함으로써, 공공미술 설계 및 실행에 대한 이론적 기반을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다. (연구방법) 연구는 중국 공공미술의 사전평가 지표에 초점을 맞추고, 다차원척도법(Multidimensional Scaling, MDS)을 연구 도구로 활용한다. 공공미술 프로젝트는 다양한 평가 요소를 포함하며, 이러한 요소들은 다차원적이고 서로 관련되어 있을 수 있다. MDS 방법은 차원 축소와 시각화 기술을 통해 이러한 복잡한 평가 요소들을 저차원으로 단순화함으로써 범주화 과정을 더 명확하고 효율적으로 만들 수 있다. (결과) 본 연구를 통한 범주화된 중국 공공미술 사전평가 요소의 범주가 다음과 같다. 범주 1은 수용자 적합성, 대화성, 참여성, 시대성, 현지성, 국제화, 일상성, 다양성, 취미성, 계발성, 지역성, 접근성 12가지 요소로, 범주 2는 창의성, 독창성, 예술 형식, 예술가의 개인 스타일 및 창작 경험, 예술의 자율성, 심미성, 예술 언어, 상징성, 선진성 9가지 요소로, 범주 3은 실용성, 안전성, 내구성, 생태성, 애프터서비스, 품질 6가지 요소로, 범주 4는 전면성, 자금, 브랜드화, 디자인 자격 증명, 예술가의 지명도와 영향력, 규정 준수성, 홍보의 강도 및 방법, 협력성, 개방성, 영속성 10가지 요소로, 범주 5은 사상성, 주제성, 비판성, 미래지향성, 체험성 5가지 요소로 나타났다. 연구 결과의 범주화를 바탕으로 중국 공공미술 사전평가 요소는“수요평가”,“예술품질 평가”,“기능 품질 평가”, “실행 보장 평가”,“사상 및 철학 평가”와 같은 5개 범주를 도출하였다. 첫 번째로,‘수요 평가’는 예술 프로젝트가 대중과 사회 문화의 요구에 어떻게 부합하는지를 중점적으로 평가한다. 두 번째로,‘예술 품질 평가’는 예술 프로젝트의 고유한 예술 가치에 중점을 둔다. 세 번째로,‘기능 품질 평가는 예술 프로젝트’의 실용성과 지속성에 중점을 둔다. 네 번째로,‘실행 보장 평가’는 예술 프로젝트가 기획부터 실행까지의 성공을 위해 필요한 지원 요소에 중점을 둔다. 다섯 번째로,‘사상 및 철학 평가’는 예술 프로젝트가 전달하는 깊은 사상과 철학, 그리고 사회 문화에서 유발하는 비판적 사고에 중점을 둔다. (결론) 본 연구는 공공미술의 사전평가 지표를 체계적으로 분석하고 분류함으로써, 그 다면성에 대한 이해를 심화시키는 것뿐만 아니라 미래 프로젝트가 사회적 요구와 기대에 더 잘 부응할 수 있도록 하는 이론적 기반을 제공한다. 도시 변화에 따라, 공공미술은 도시 프로젝트의 후기 단계에서 도시 발전의 핵심 요소로 전환되었으며, 기능성, 지속 가능성, 시민과의 상호 작용에 중점을 두어 새로운 도시 발전 추세에 적응하고 있다.
Abstract
(Background and Purpose) As public art's positive impact becomes increasingly evident globally, rapid urban changes are bringing it to a pivotal transition from traditional late-stage intervention to a key component in urban development. This shift highlights the importance of comprehensive pre-assessment, not just in terms of project goal attainment, but also in considering the feasibility of public art within the current political, social, and cultural milieu, across planning, design, operation, and management. Thus, this study aims to provide a theoretical base for public art design and execution by thoroughly and systematically analyzing and categorizing its pre-evaluation elements. (Method) The research focuses on the pre-evaluation indicators of public art in China and employs Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) as a tool. Public art projects encompass a variety of evaluative elements, which can be multidimensional and interrelated. The MDS method simplifies these complex evaluative elements into a lower dimension through dimension reduction and visualization techniques, making the categorization process more explicit and efficient. (Results) This study categorizes the pre-evaluation elements of public art in China as follows. Category 1 includes twelve elements:audience appropriateness, interactivity, participation, contemporaneity, local relevance, global adaptability, integration with everyday life, diversity, engaging quality, heuristic, regional identity, accessibility. Category 2 consists of nine elements: originality, artistic form, artist's personal style and creative background, artistic autonomy, aesthetic appeal, artistic expression, symbolic representation, advanced nature. Category 3 encompasses six elements:practicality, safety, durability, ecological consideration, after-service, quality. Category 4 contains ten elements: comprehensiveness, funding, branding, design credentials, artist's renown and influence, compliance, promotional intensity and method, collaboration, openness, longevity. Category 5 involves five elements: ideological depth, thematic relevance, critical reflection, foresight, experiential. Based on these categorizations, the pre-evaluation elements of public art in China are divided into five categories: "Demand Evaluation," "Artistic Quality Evaluation," "Functional Quality Evaluation," "Execution Assurance Evaluation," and "Ideological and Philosophical Evaluation." Firstly, 'Demand Evaluation' assesses how well an art project aligns with public and socio-cultural needs. Secondly, 'Artistic Quality Evaluation' emphasizes the unique artistic value of the project. Thirdly, 'Functional Quality Evaluation' focuses on the practicality and sustainability of the project. Fourthly, 'Execution Assurance Evaluation' concentrates on the necessary elements for successful planning and execution. Fifthly, 'Ideological and Philosophical Evaluation' highlights the profound ideas and philosophy conveyed by the project and the critical thinking it triggers in the socio-cultural context. (Conclusions) By systematically analyzing and categorizing pre-assessment indicators for public art, this study deepens understanding of its multifaceted nature and provides a theoretical foundation for future projects to better meet societal needs and expectations. As cities evolve, public art has transitioned from a late-stage element in urban projects to a core component in urban development, focusing on functionality, sustainability, and citizen interaction, adapting to new urban development trends.
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