“일반 역사” 에서 드러나는 이스라엘 왕 예후(기원전 841-814년)의 정치적 행보 －이스라엘 왕의 역대 지략 채우기－
The Political Movement of Jehu(c. 841-814 BCE) in “Normal History” －To complete the book of annals of the kings of Israel
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성서에 등장하는 남 유다와 북 이스라엘의 왕들은 모두 YHWH 종교에 대한 비판을 피할 수 없었다. 이는 성서가 종교적 관점에서 신명기사가의 기록으로 완성되었기 때문이라는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 그 중 북 이스라엘의 모든 왕들은 신명기사가에게 일률적으로 비난받았다. 그들은 정치적 업적보다 예루살렘의 성전이 아닌 ‘여로보암의 길’을 따랐기 때문에 결국 멸망할 수밖에 없었다는 종교적 평가를 주로 받았다. 그러나 최근 역사학자들을 중심으로 고대 이스라엘과 주변 중동지역에서 발견된 고고학 및 문헌사료의 분석으로 북 이스라엘 왕들의 객관적인 "일반 역사"를 풀어내고 성서 외의 왕들의 업적을 기록했다는 ‘역대지략’의 일부분을 재구성하는 일이 이루어지고 있다. 본고는 이 왕들 중 북 이스라엘의 역사상 가장 강력한 군사적 쿠데타로 왕좌를 차지한 예후(기원전 841-814년)에 관련된 성서 구절과 함께 성서 외적 자료들에 나타난 그의 모습을 ‘일반 역사’ 속에서 찾아보고자 했다. 자료들은 이미 잘 알려진 사마리아 오스트라카, 모압 석비, 그리고 블랙 오벨리스크 등과 최근 발견된 텔 단 석비와 텔 레홉(Tel Rehov)에서 발견된 비문으로 이 유물들을 재해석하고 그의 역대지략에 기록되었을 만한 가문 배경과 반란의 과정, 그리고 반란 이후의 국제적 관계를 살펴보았다. 이러한 연구를 통해 우리는 예후의 반란을 종교적이 아닌 정치적인 측면에서 바라보는 시도를 함으로 국제 관계에서 살아남기 위해 예후가 어떤 정치적 행보를 택했는지 객관적인 역사의 한 장을 그려볼 수 있었다.
Abstract
Based on the biblical texts, but to the exclusion of the religious history of the Deuteronomists and the archaeological and literary materials found in Israel and surrounding areas, we can reconstruct Jehu's political movements from his birth to kingship and subsequent actions on the throne that would be written in his royal annal. According to the Samaria Ostraca and the Tel Rehov jar inscription, Jehu's grandfather Nimshi was a royal official, perhaps a cup-bearer of the king, and he also held a key position as a military minister. Jehu was from an upper-class family. His rebellion was not aimed primarily at the destruction of the Baal religion on behalf of the YHWH religion. During this period, the people of Israel were complaining about fatigue from persistent warfare with Assyria and Aram in the days of Ahab and the wars with Moab after Ahab's death. In addition, Joram, the king of Israel, again went to the battle with Hazael, the king of Aram. The reign of the foreign princess Jezebel who tried to hold the priesthood and the kingship at the same time, and the moral hazard of the leadership shown in the incident at Naboth's vineyard must have ushered in a social crisis in Israel. A new political current emerged, and Jehu was the one who responded to these developments with violent revolt. When the Tel Dan stele is taken into account along with the biblical context, it appears that Jehu was briefly allied with Aram during the revolt. He killed Jezebel and the other descendants of the House of Ahab, as well as the king of Judah and his brothers. His rebellion culminated in the extermination of the prophets of Baal. Jehu’s extermination of those associated with the Baal religion may have been a political move against the priesthood who held positions in the days of Ahab and Jezebel rather than strictly a religious reformation. That is why he got blamed for going back to “the way of Jeroboam.” Jehu's revolt broke the peaceful relations between Sidon in the north and Judah in the south, which were formed by Omri's marriage alliance. Israel could not escape the harassment of Aram which must have thought Israel as a vassal state. Jehu was isolated. Under these circumstances, the Assyrian invasion under Shalmaneser III (c. 859-824 BCE) may have been good news for Israel because he destroyed Aram. According to the Black Obelisk, Jehu could be called “son of Omri,” which Assyria recognized as the royal family of northern Israel as a vassal, not an enemy, by paying tribute to Shalmaneser III. The Bible prophesied that four generations from Jehu would continue the royal family. In fact, the descendants of Jehu ruled for 100 years, the longest period among the royal families of northern Israel. It was not only because of the exceptional descendants of Jehu that they were able to remain on the throne for such a long time. Shalmaneser III was no longer able to engage with other nations due to his son's rebellion. Afterwards, Adad-nirari III (c. 811-784 BCE) went on an expedition and took a large amount of tribute from Damascus, Tyre, Sidon, Edom, and Israel. Damascus could neither focus on their recovery nor afflict Israel during the war with Hamath. Assyria did not afterwards have capable kings succeeding to the throne. Because of these combined circumstances, the great powers had little interest in Israel, which was located farthest to the west, and the descendants of Jehu were able to survive on the throne for 100 years.
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