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위기의 차별적 영향에 대한 생태학적 접근: 수용 능력과 국지적 경쟁을 중심으로

An ecological approach to the differential impacts of crises: Focusing on carrying capacity and localized competition

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참고문헌

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주제분류경영학

초록

이 논문은 조직 생태학적 요인이 조직 성과에 미치는 영향이 위기의 유형에 따라 어떻게 다르게 조절되는지 탐구한다. 위기 관련 기존 조직 연구들은 위기가 조직 성과에 부정적인 영향을 끼치는 존재라는 전제에 기반하여 조직이 위기를 어떻게 해석하고 대응하는지 밝히는 것에 주목해왔다. 하지만 기존 연구들은 위기에도 여러 유형이있으며 유형에 따라 위기가 질적으로 다를 수 있다는 점을 밝히는 것에는 상대적으로 관심이 부족했다. 이 연구는위기의 원인, 성격, 전개 양상에 따라 구분되는 두 가지 유형의 위기를 제시하고, 각 위기가 조직 성과에 차별화된영향을 미칠 것이라 제안한다. 이를 위해 우선 호텔 산업의 특수한 맥락에 주목하여, 호텔의 경쟁 환경이 조직 생태학적 시각으로 해석하기에 가장 적절하다고 제안하며 수용 능력과 국지적 경쟁이 조직 성과에 미치는 영향을 밝힌다. 이후 호텔 산업에 발생한 위기의 유형에 따라 조직 생태학적 요인이 조직 성과에 미치는 영향이 다르게 조절될 것이라고 주장한다. 이러한 가설을 검증하기 위해 2012년부터 2021년까지 대한민국 호텔 산업 데이터를 기반으로 실증분석한 결과, 조직 성과에 영향을 미치는 수용 능력과 국지적 경쟁의 영향이 외교 갈등으로 인한 정치적위기와 COVID-19와 같은 질병 위기에 의해 서로 다른 방향으로 조절되는 것을 확인하였다. 연구 결과를 통해 위기 상황에서 조직 성과에 영향을 미치는 수용 능력과 국지적 경쟁의 영향을 확인함으로써 조직 생태학의 논의를확장시키고 위기의 유형에 따라 다른 영향력을 발휘할 수 있음을 제안하여 조직 위기 개념을 정교화한다.

Abstract

This study explores how crisis moderates relationships between organizational ecological factors and organizational performance differently depending on their types. Previous studies of organizational crises have focused on how organizations interpret and respond to crises, assuming that crises have only negative outcomes. However, there have been relatively few concerns raised about the presence of multiple types of crises and the possibility of qualitative differences among crises based on their typology. This study identifies two types of crises on the basis of their causes, characteristics, and developmental aspects, suggesting that each type of crisis may have a different moderating effect on organizational performance. To illustrate this, this study focuses on the Korean hotel industry, due to its unique context, which makes organizational ecological theory the most appropriate framework to use. First, this study examines the effects of carrying capacity and localized competition on organizational performance. Then, we propose that crises be classified in a different manner, by showing how two types of crises affect ecological factors and organization performance in different ways. To verify this, based on data on the Korean hotel industry from 2012 to 2021, an empirical analysis was conducted with the sales amount per available room (RevPAR) as the dependent variable. All hypotheses were supported confirming that the effects of carrying capacity and local competition are indeed adjusted in disparate directions by political crises arising from political agitation and pandemic diseases such as the COVID-19. As a result, organizational ecology theory has been extended by considering both endogenous and exogenous factors of organizational populations simultaneously in a single framework. Furthermore, our study elaborates the organizational crisis literature by examining how crisis affects organizations based on the type and the environment.

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