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지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 이사회의 사회적 독립성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

A Study on the Effects of Ownership-Control Disparity on Board’s Social Independence

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참고문헌

키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

본 연구는 우리나라 기업에서 보편적으로 나타나는 현상인 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄에 있어서 이사회의 사회적 독립성의 역할에 주목하였다. 기존연구에 따르면 지배주주는 자신의 사적 이익을 극대화하고자 자신의 소유권이 낮은 특정 계열사의 자원과 수익을 자신의 소유권이 높은 다른 계열사로 이전하는 터널링(tunneling)이라는 행동을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 행위는 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 커질수록 증가하며, 기업 성과를 하락시킨다. 본 연구는 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도와 기업성과 간 관계를 보다 명확히 살펴보기 위하여, 대리인 문제의 감소를 위한 기업지배구조 메커니즘의 하나인 이사회의 사회적 독립성의 역할을 살펴보았다. 이사회가 주주의 이익을 보호하기 위해 기업의 경영활동에 대한 통제 및 감시기능을 효과적으로 수행하는 경우, 지배주주의 사적 이익 추구행동은 제약을 받게 될 것이므로, 지배주주는 이사회에 대한 영향력을 높이고자 하는 인센티브를 가지게 될 것이다. 따라서 지배주주는 자신들과 사회적으로 연결된 사람들로 이사회를 구성하여 이사회에 대한 자신들의 영향력을 높임으로써, 이사회가 소액주주들의 이익을 보호하기 보다는 자신들에게 보다 협력적인 행동을 보이도록 유도할 것이다. 2007년과 2008년 대규모 기업집단 소속 상장 제조업을 대상으로 한 연구에서 우리는 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 (1) 기업성과를 하락시킬 뿐 아니라 (2) 지배주주와 사외이사 간 대학교와 고등학교를 통한 학연으로 형성된 사회적 연결의 정도를 증가시키고 있음을 발견하였다. (3) 특히, 고등학교를 통해 형성된 학연은 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 기업성과에 미치는 부정적 영향을 매개하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도와 기업의 성과 간 관계를 살펴봄에 있어서, 지배주주로부터의 이사회의 사회적 독립성의 역할에 주목하였다는 측면에서 중요한 이론적, 실무적, 정책적 시사점을 제시한다.

Abstract

This study focuses on the role of social independence of board of directors to examine the effects of ownership-control disparity of controlling shareholders on the firm performance. Prior studies posit that controlling shareholders, to maximize their own private benefits, will engage in tunneling behavior whereby they transfer resources and profits from those firms where they have relatively small ownership to other firms where they have large ownership. These studies find a negative relationship between ownership-control disparity and firm performance. In this study, we investigate the role of board of directors because when boards effectively function, controlling shareholders’ tunneling behaviors will be less successful. We, therefore, expect that controlling shareholders will have a strong incentive to shape the board by appointing outside directors who are more likely to comply with them. We argue that directors who are socially connected with controlling shareholders will be such directors. Using data from group-affiliated Korean firms from 2007 to 2008, we find support for our theory. Controlling shareholder’s ownership-control disparity (1) decreases firm performance, (2) but increases the likelihood that controlling shareholders have school ties with outside directors. (3) We further find that high school ties mediate the negative effects of ownership-control disparity on firm performance. This study contributes to corporate governance research by examining the importance of the social independence of board of directors in understanding the relationship between controlling shareholder’s ownership-control disparity and firm performance.

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