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공유지의 비극 또는 승리?:가나 사회의 관습적 토지의 맥락

The Tragedy or Victory of the Commons?: The Context of Customary Land in Ghanaian Society

설병수
한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2023.12|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제70권 |pp. 79-120

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참고문헌

키워드

자본주의인류세AnthropoceneCapitalismGhana가나공유지the Commons개릿 하딘(관습적) 토지Garrett Hardin(Customary) Land
주제분류학제간연구

초록

이 논문의 목적은 가나 사회의 관습적 토지의 맥락에서, 공유지와 관련된 여러 논의와 함의를 살펴보는 데 있었다. 여타 아프리카 국가와 마찬가지로 가나도 식민지 시대 동안 총체적 착취를 경험했다. 공유지 역시 예외가 아니었다. 영국에서 독립한 이후에 가나의 공유지 체계는 식민지 유산에서 완전히 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 또한 공유지 체계는 재구성되고 있다. 이런 상황에서 지역민은 변화된 공유지 체계에 적응하려는 노력을 끊임없이 경주해 왔다. 21세기 들어 두드러진 신자유주의적 세계화는 공유지의 존속에 위협을 가하고 있다. 하딘이 “공유지의 비극”이라는 논문이 등장한 이래 제시한 이래 수많은 논쟁이 벌어졌다. 그가 공유지와 관련된 인식과 사고의 지평을 넓힌 것은 사실이다. 하지만 여러 연구자는 하딘의 주장이 개념적으로뿐만 아니라 경험적으로도 문제가 있음을 지적했다. 하딘은 사유화야말로 공유지의 비극 해소를 위한 유일한 방법이라고 주장했다. 하지만 이러한 주장은 공유지의 비극을 해결할 궁극적인 해답이 될 수 없다. 이는 공유지의 비극을 해결하기 위해서는 기술·경제적 차원뿐만 아니라 개별 공유지 이용자들이 처해 있는 생태·사회문화 구조를 철저하게 이해해야 함을 이해해야 함을 의미한다. 오늘날 우리가 직면해 있는 사회·생태 위기를 극복하기 위해서는 가치 체계와 인식 체계의 문제를 성찰적으로 들여다보아야 한다. 또한 구조적 차원에서 볼 때, 현재 벌어지고 있는 다양한 위기를 타개하려면, 지난 수백 년간 지속된 자본주의 체제를 해체하고 새로운 패러다임도 만들어 내야 한다. 21세기에 들어와 더욱더 심각해지고 있는 생태·환경 위기는 더는 방치할 수 없거니와 방치해서도 안 된다. 이는 ‘인간은 자연의 일부’이며, ‘만물은 서로 연결되어 있다’라는 평범한 진리를 재인식할 필요가 있음을 뜻한다. 이것이 공유지의 문제를 다시 들여다봐야 할 이유다. 공유지의 비극은 그 자체의 내재적 논리가 아니라 인간의 가치 체계에서 비롯된다는 사실은 재론의 여지가 없다.

Abstract

This paper aims to examine discussions and implications related to the commons, in the context of customary land in Ghanaian society. Just like other African countries, Ghana had experienced total exploitation during the colonial period. The commons was also not exceptional. The communal land system in Ghana has not been fully escaped from the colonial legacy since its independence. Besides, the communal land system is restructuring. Such a process, local people have endeavored to adapt in the changed communal land system. The neoliberal globalization, which is remarkable in the 21st century, has threatened the survival of communal lands. The point to which we should pay attention is that there has not greatly changed in the perception system itself about indigenous/local people. Many debates have been produced since the emergence of Garrett Hardin’s article of “The tragedy of the commons.” Its is a fact that he enlarged the horizon of perception and thought related to the commons. Many scholars, however, have pointed out that his arguments have problems, both conceptually and empirically. Hardin has asserted that privatization is the only way, which can solve the tragedy of the commons. His argument, however, is not to be a ultimate solution. This is implies that we should completely understand the technical and economic dimension as well as the ecological, socio-cultural structure, with which individual users of the commons have faced, for solving the the tragedy of the commons. We have to reflectively look into the problems of our value and cognition systems to solve overcome the social and ecological crisis, to which we have confronted, in those days. Moreover, in terms of the structural dimension, we have to dissolve the capitalist system and create a new paradigm for breaking the present diverse crises. We should not neglect the social and ecological crisis, which is more serious in the 21st century. This means that we need to have a renewed recognition about the common truth, which human beings is part of nature and all things are connected each other. This is the reason why we should to look into the issue of the commons, once again. There is no doubt that the tragedy of the commons results from not its inherent logic but human value system.

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