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아프리카의 생태·사회 위기: 생태 제국주의 관점

The Ecological and Social Crisis in Africa: The Perspective of Ecological Imperialism

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한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2022.12|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제67권 |pp. 115-154

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참고문헌

키워드

토양 침식soil erosionecological imperialism광물 자원생태·사회 위기생태 제국주의아프리카 쟁탈전토지 악화ecological and social crisisscramble for Africamineral sourcesland degradation
주제분류학제간연구

초록

이 글은 마르크스 생태학에 토대를 둔 생태 제국주의의 맥락에서, 21세기 아프리카의 생태·사회 위기를 살펴보고자 하는 목적으로 작성되었다. 인간의 역사는 ‘착취’의 역사다. 자본주의가 제국주의와 결합하면서 인간의 야만성은 더욱더 강하게 발현하고 있다. 제국주의적 착취의 토대는 ‘생태학적으로 불평등한 교환’이다. 이러한 교환에서는 불평등한 자본 흐름을 통해 다양한 형태의 불평등이 초래된다. 천연자원과 값싼 노동력 확보 전쟁은 이러한 흐름 속에서 발생한다. 이 과정에서 주변부 국가에서는 생태·환경 악화 현상이 끊임없이 발생한다. 이러한 현상으로 인해 이 지역에 사는 사람들의 삶 전반은 더욱 피폐해진다. 18세기 후반부터 21세기 현재까지 아프리카에서 발생해온 ‘쟁탈전’은 불평등한 자본 흐름에서 비롯된 제국주의적 착취라는 맥락에서 이해할 필요가 있다. 인류학적 견지에서 볼 때 아프리카의 생태·환경 위기는 ‘문화’에 그 뿌리를 두고 있다. 즉, 그러한 위기와 이에 따른 수많은 문제는 우리의 ‘인식’ 또는 ‘가치’ 체계에서 비롯된다. 우리는 자본주의적 착취 경제가 인간과 자연을 파멸로 이끌어왔다는 사실을 잘 알고 있다. 21세기를 살아가는 우리가 인간과 자연 간 관계 및 인간 집단 간 관계를 회복하기 위해서는 인식론적·실천적 해결 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 우리가 계속 생존할 수 있는 미래를 꿈꾸고자 한다면, 자본주의적 경제 체제에 토대를 둔 제국주의적 착취와 약탈을 멈추고, 인간 중심의 세계관에서도 벗어나야 한다. 이것은 현재의 경제 체제와 세계관을 혁명적으로 바꾸어야 함을 의미한다. 집단 지성과 지혜가 그 어느 때보다도 절실히 요구되고 있다.

Abstract

This paper is aiming to examine the ecological and social crisis of Africa in the 21st century, in the context of ecological imperialism based upon Marxist ecology. Human history is that of exploitation. As capitalism and imperialism is combined, the brutality of humans is more strongly manifesting. The basis of imperial exploitation is ecologically unequal exchange. In such an exchange diverse forms of inequalities are brought about, through unequal flows of capital. The wars for securing natural resources and cheap labor force take place in such a flow. In this process the phenomenon of ecological and environmental deterioration takes incessantly place in peripheral countries. Due to such a phenomenon, the lives in general of local people in these areas become impoverished. In the late 18th century and 21st century, the scramble, which has happened in Africa, needs to be understood in the context of imperial exploitation resulted from unequal flows of capital. From the anthropological standpoint, the ecological and environmental crisis in Africa has its root in culture. That is to say, both such a crisis and its subsequent problems are derived from the perception or value system. We know very well that the capitalist economy of exploitation had led humans and nature to destruction. We, living in the 21st century, should prepare epistemological and practical solutions for restoring the relationship between humans and nature as well as human groups. If we have a dream the future for continuous survival, we have to stop imperial exploitation and plunder based on the capitalist economic system and escape from the anthropocentric world view as well. This implies that we revolutionarily change the present economic system and world view. Collective intelligence and wisdom are desperately being needed than ever before.

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