기후변화 시대의 아프리카 식량안보 : 지역통합과 참여적 발전의 필연성
Food Security of Sub-Saharan Africa in the Era of Climate Change: Perspective of Regional Integration and Particparoty Development
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아프리카 식량안보 문제에 대한 연구는 생산과 분배, 그리고 새로운 정책 환경의 영향으로 심화되는 모순의 구조화에 초점을 맞추어 진행되어 왔다. 전통적인 농업구조의 문제점과 기술의 후진성, 그리고 장기의 식민통치로 인한 사회체제와 가치의 문제 등과 더불어, 분쟁의 장기화, 기후변화, 국제교역구조변화에 대한 대응의 실패 등이 최근 연구들의 주된 논제이다. 원인과 배경에 대한 연구는 활발한 편이나 아프리카 국가들의 대응과정의 우수사례와 그 현상의 배경을 바탕으로 한 대안의 제시에는 한계가 있었던 것이 사실이다. 이 연구는 지역통합이라는 제도적 거대 트렌드가 아프리카 식량 환경 개선의 대안으로 제시될 수 있다는 전제 하에 진행되었다. 이를 위해 통합이론에 근거한 제도적 기반의 이론 틀에 대해 간략히 논하고, 센(Amartya Sen)이 소개한 ‘유용성’과 ‘권리’에 대한 전통적 접근방식에 대한 논의를 통해 아프리카 식량안보의 난제와 그 배경에 대해 논의한다. 또한, 이 연구는 해당 지역에서 지속 가능한 식품 생산을 촉진하기 위한 전략들과 우수한 정책적용의 성공적 사례들에 대해 논한다. 이 연구는 두 가지의 연구결과로 이루어져 있다. 우선, 식량안보와 연계된 행위자들의 협업이 궁극적으로 농촌의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 현상들에 대한 연구결과를 소개한다. 그리고 지역경제의 통합이라는 제도적 틀의 활용 가치와 궁극적인 아프리카 농업의 국제경쟁력 유지를 위한 과제들을 논한다.
Abstract
What are causes of paradoxes in the process of the continent’s development in terms of food security? What have emerged as challenges against food security of the continent and why? Is there any barriers and policy options that the countries in the region have to tackle and take? To answer these questions, the paper examined firstly approaches on food security study in general. The discussion follows an introduction of traditional approaches, ‘availability’ and ‘entitlement,’ introduced by Sen. This is followed by an outline of the food security challenges in Africa and the reasons for the low agricultural productivity. Then it discusses the strategies and best practices employed to promote sustainable food production in the region. There are two key findings: 1) the good practices introduced show how group collaboration within organizations and with economic actors and policy-makers, enable small producers to fully participate in the economic, social, and political life of the society they live in: and 2) Africa’s future will require regional economic integration, in agriculture as well as other economic spheres. To ensure competitiveness in international markets, including cross-border markets within Africa, will require regional integration and the consequent productivity gains.
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