영국 19세기 아일랜드 이민자의 이질성 문제
Irish Immigrants’ Heterogeneity Problems in 19th Century Britain
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초록
본 논문의 목적은 19세기 영국으로 건너온 아일랜드 이민자가 정착하는 과정에서 빈곤과 직업, 그리고 종교적 갈등으로 이질적인 공동체를 구성하였는지를 검토하는 것이다. 영국으로 이민 온 아일랜드 집단은 매우 다양하였으며, 이들을 빈곤한 하나의 동일 집단으로 평가, 매도하는 것은 잘못된 편견에서 비롯하였다. 아일랜드인을 범죄, 도시 문제, 그리고 환경 파괴의 주범으로 내모는 것 또한 잘못된 여론에서 비롯된 19세기 영국인의 마음속 깊이 자리 잡고 있던 그릇된 성심이었다. 아일랜드 이민자의 정착과 직업, 그리고 노동력 문제와 관련해서도, 아일랜드 이민자의 이질성보다는 동질성을 더 생각나게 한다. 아일랜드 이민자는 여러 분야의 직종에서 영국인과 큰 갈등 없이 삶을 영위하였다. 종교 문제와 관련해서도, 종교적 이질적 집단 형성과 종교적 갈등의 문제라기보다는 오히려 이민자의 영국 내 정착과 적응의 문제가 더 실재적이었다. 아일랜드와 영국에서의 미사와 예배 참석 방법 등에 차이가 있고 이러한 차이점으로 모국인과 아일랜드 이민자 사이에 문제의 소지를 낳았다. 가톨릭은 이민자와 영국인을 구별하거나 이민자를 추방하는 요인이 아니었다. 오히려 가톨릭과 프로테스탄트 양자가 관용적인 태도로 서로 화합하고 조절하는 행위를 곳곳에서 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This theses aimed to review irish immigrants' heterogeneity problems in 19th century Britain. Irish immigrants in the 19th century have been recognized as heterogeneous communities due to poverty, occupation, and religious conflict in the process of settling after moving to Britain. As a result of the examination, there were very diverse groups of Irish immigrants to the UK, and the evaluation of them as one poor group stemmed from a prejudice. Proposing the Irish as the main culprit of crime, urban problems, and environmental destruction was also a false view, stemming from false public opinions of 19th century British. When it comes to the settlement, job and workforce of Irish immigrants, it reminds me more about the identity of Irish immigrants than the heterogeneity. As a result of review, the spectrum of occupations and patterns of Irish immigrants is so diverse that it is difficult to draw a uniform conclusion. Irish immigrants lived in many fields without major conflict with the British. Regarding the workforce, Irish immigrants did not play a major role in industrialization in the UK, except for certain occupations and in some areas. Regarding the issue of religion, the problem of immigrants’ settlement and adaptation in Britain was more real than that of the formation of heterogeneous religious groups and religious conflict. There are differences in how to attend Mass and worship services in Ireland and England, and these differences have created problems between native and Irish immigrants. Catholicism was not a factor that distinguished immigrants from British or expelled immigrants. Rather, both Catholics and Protestants were able to see all over the place the act of reconciling and controlling each other in a tolerant manner. This was an opportunity to lay a new foundation for mutual development throughout the 19th century.
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