여성 이민 담론을 통해 본 19세기 중엽 영국 식민지로의 여성 이민
Emigration of Women to the British Colonies in the Mid-19th Century as Seen through the Emigration Discourses
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본고는 19세기 중엽 영국 식민지로의 여성 이민에 있어 젠더 문제와 함께 그 특징을 탐구하고자 한다. 이를 위해 19세기 중엽 인구조사에서 나타난 ‘잉여 여성’ 문제의 해결책으로 제시된 여성들의 식민지로의 이주에 대한 담론들을 분석하여 여성 이민에 대한 빅토리아 사회 시각 및 페미니즘 시각에서 빅토리아 중기 여성 이민에 관해 고찰해 보고자 한다. 특히, 당대에 여성들의 이민 사업에 헌신적이었던 여성 이민협회들을 통해 19세기 영국 여성 이민의 현실을 파악하고, 이 시기 여성 이민 문제 중심에 퍼져있던 의식이 어떠한 면들을 드러내고 있는지 관찰하고자 한다. 이를 통해 본고는 당대의 여성 이민이 본국 및 식민지의 젠더 균형을 위한 목적성을 가지는 동시에 가부장적 제국주의의 면모를 드러내고 있다는 것을 발견하고 있다. 이와 더불어 여성의 독립적 행보를 위한 사회관념 및 계층 이탈적 의식의 변화 측면에서는 답보적인 한계를 보여 주고 있다는 사실을 관찰하고 있다. 결론적으로 본고는 ‘남성 주도적’이라 생각하기 쉬운 당대의 이민 사업에 대한 선입견의 해체를 가져오고, 페미니즘적 시각에서 빅토리아 중기 여성들의 이민이 여성이 주체가 된 주도적 이민의 전형을 보여준다는 사실을 주목하고 있다.
Abstract
This essay examines both the characteristics and the gender issues surrounding the emigration of women to the British colonies in the mid-19th century. To illustrate these issues, this study looks at the social and feministic points of view on emigration through literatures of the times. It also analyzes the discourses which suggested women’s emigration to the colonies as a solution to the problem of ‘redundant women’ of the time. Special focus is placed on the activities of female emigration societies that played important roles in such emigration and aided in understanding the actual situation, in particular, on social thought of the matter. From these studies, this essay demonstrates that the emigration of women reflected a sort of patriarchal British imperialism and that of gender-balancing type for both Great Britain and the colonies. On the other hand, there was not much progress in terms of changing social norms to recognize female independence and break from the Victorian concept of ‘social class.’ This essay concludes that the emigration of women in the mid-19th century brought about a deconstruction of the patriarchal prejudices that the activities of emigration agents were men’s business, as women played a crucial role in solving their own problems brought about by the problem of surplus population. Therefore, it can be stated that the role of women appeared here forms the basis for women advocating their rights in the near future.
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