노스버릭 마녀사냥과 제임스 6세의 왕권신수설
The North Berwick Witch-hunt and James VI’s Divine Right of Kingship
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이 연구는 스코틀랜드 왕 제임스 6세가 어떻게 1590-1년 노스버릭 마녀사냥을 통해 자신의 미약한 왕권을 강화시키고 심지어 자신의 왕권을 신성화했는지를 파악하고자 한 것이다. 1590년 제임스 6세는 성년의 나이었지만 강력한 귀족들의 권력싸움과 종교적 갈등속에 어려운 통치를 하고 있었다. 이때에 발생한 노스버릭 마녀사건은 제임스에게 왕권강화의 기회를 부여하였다. 제임스는 마녀혐의자들에 대해 직접 심문에 참여하였고, 재판에 관여하면서 정적제거를 위한 진술을 확보하였다. 마녀혐의자들은 악마와 계약을 맺고, 국왕을 해하려고 하였을 뿐 아니라 그의 결혼을 방해하였다고 진술하였다. 법적인 전문가가 참여하지 않은 상황에서 제임스 6세가 고문을 통해 얻은 자백은 왜곡되었을 가능성이 매우 높았다. 이 진술로 제임스는 정적인 보스웰 백작을 제거할 수 있었다. 1591년 재판 말기에 제임스는 Newes from Scotland이라는 제목의 보고서를 출판하도록 했는데 이 보고서는 왕권의 신성화를 꾀한 고도의 정치선전물이었다. 보고서는 악마가 스코틀랜드 왕은 “이 세상에서 그의 가장 큰 대적”이라고 표현하였다고 주장한다. 역설적으로 이 표현은 왕이 이 세상에서 신과 가장 가까운 사람이라는 뜻이기도 하다. 실제로 Newes from Scotland에서 왕은 “신의 자녀” 또는 “신의 종”으로 묘사되기도 하였다. 그리고 왕은 신이 보호아래 있는 존재로 묘사되었다. 왕은 신의 기름부은 자이고 신의 전능한 힘으로 보호아래 있음으로 악마와 마녀들의 음모를 이길 수 있었다. 제임스 6세는 1598년 Trew Law of Free Monarchies에서 자신의 왕권신수설을 피력했는데 이는 Newes from Scotland에서 시작된 왕권신성화의 논리의 완성이라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine how King James VI of Scotland strengthened his feeble monarchy and even sanctified his royal power through the North Berwick witch-hunt of 1590-1. In 1590, although King James VI had long reached the age of majority, his rule was far from stable amidst power struggles and religious conflicts among powerful nobles. James saw the North Berwick witch incident in 1590-1 as a right opportunity to strengthen his royal power. James directly took part in the interrogation and trials of the witch suspects and secured statements from those accused of witchcraft which helped him eliminate his political enemy. The witch suspects confessed that they had made a pact with the devil and tried to harm the king as well as hindered his marriage. In the absence of legal experts, the confessions that James VI obtained through torture were very likely to have been distorted. These statements allowed James to get rid of Earl of Boswell, his political opponent. At the end of the trials in late 1591, James arranged to publish a report entitled Newes from Scotland, which was a highly political propaganda. The pamphlet claims that the devil defined the Scottish king as " the greatest enemy he hath in the world." Paradoxically, this expression could mean that the king is the closest person to God in the world as God is the opposite of the devil. In fact, in Newes from Scotland, the king was once described as a "child of God" or "servant of God". The king was also portrayed as being under divine protection. The king was the anointed by the God, and with God’s almighty power, he was able to defeat the plots of the devil and witches. It may be said, the theory of the divine right of kingship was elaborated in the Trew Law of Free Monarchies in 1598, but it started from Newes from Scotland in 1591.
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