겨울 이야기에 나타난 보통법 전통과 절대주의의 대결
The Struggle between the Common Law Tradition and Absolutism in The Winter’s Tale
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스코틀랜드 출신으로, 왕권신수설에 관한 논문 저자이기도 한 제임스 1세가 잉글랜드의 국왕으로 즉위했을 때 잉글랜드인들은 새 국왕을 기대와 우려의 시선으로 보았다. 그는 즉위 초에 잉글랜드의 종교, 그리고 보통법과 의회를 존중하는 태도를 보였지만, 왕권신수설을 신봉하는 그의 궁정 정치는 잉글랜드의 헌정 전통과 충돌할 위험을 내포하고 있었다. 그런데 1606년의 베이트 판결을 계기로 이전에 없던 절대적 군주 대권이 공식화되었다. 이 절대적 군주 대권은 제임스 1세와 그의 지지자들에게 국왕의 권한을 유럽 대륙의 절대군주가 행사하는 것만큼 강화하는 수단으로 활용될 가능성을 제공했다. 셰익스피어의 『겨울 이야기』는 제임스 1세 즉위 후에 본격적으로 전개된 보통법과 절대주의의 긴장과 충돌을 보여주고 있을 뿐 아니라 절대적 군주 대권을 실천하고자 하는 궁정 정치의 실상과 이에 대한 신적 응징을 보여준다. 이후의 역사는 내전의 투쟁 끝에 명예혁명을 통해 보통법과 의회를 존중하는 잉글랜드의 헌정 전통이 다시 회복되었음을 보여주는데, 셰익스피어는 그런 투쟁이 본격적으로 시작되기 전에 이 작품에서 절대적 군주 대권을 거부되어야만 할 것으로 묘사했다. 이런 점에서 『겨울 이야기』는 잉글랜드의 보통법 전통에서 벗어나고자 한 전제정의 시도를 비판하고 풍자한 것으로 읽을 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the conflict between the common law tradition and absolutism through William Shakespeare’s play, The Winter’s Tale. When James I, King James VI of Scotland who believed in the divine right of kings, ascended to the throne of England after Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, the English saw their first Stuart king with a look of anticipation and concern. While James I at first showed respect for the religion of England as well as for the common law and Parliament, his support of the theory of divine right of kings at his court posed a danger of clashing with the constitutional tradition of England. In this precise regard, the ruling of the Bate’s Case (1606) enabled James I to enforce the absolute royal prerogative that the previous kings had never experienced. This absolute royal prerogative provided James I and his supporters with the possibility of strengthening the king's authority as much as the absolute monarchs of the European continent exercised. The Winter’s Tale not only showcases the tension and conflicts between the common law and absolutism that developed after James I's ascension, but also critiques the cruel realities of court politics dominated by absolutism through divine retribution against Leontes. Later, the constitutional history of England has proved Shakespeare right in his dramatic representation of the absolute royal prerogative as something to be denied thoroughly and absolutely, considering that England's tradition of respecting the common law and Parliament was restored through the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Therefore, we claim for The Winter’s Tale as a satire and criticism of absolutism whose tyrannical attempt to contest England’s indigenous constitutional tradition is a failure.
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