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아시아-태평양 농식품 무역구조와 기업식량체제의 동향

Asia-Pacific Agro-food Trade Structure and Trends in Corporate Food Regime

송인주
한국농촌사회학회 (The Korea Rural Sociological Society)|2017.12|농촌사회 (The Journal of Rural Society)|제27권 제2호|pp. 45-92|DOI https://doi.org/10.31894/JRS.2017.12.27.2.45

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참고문헌

키워드

Asia-PacificSoybean대두농산업아시아-태평양기업식량체제곡물-축산 복합체계육/가금신흥농업국신발전주의Corporate Food RegimeGrain-livestock ComplexAgro-industryChicken/poultryNewly Agro-Industrializing Countries(NACs)Neodevelopmentalism

초록

2007-09년 세계 금융위기와 식량위기 이후 신보호주의로 해석되는 미국 트럼프 행정부의 출범은 결국 한-미 FTA 재협상으로 이어졌는데, 이는 한국뿐만 아니라 환태평양권 국가들 모두에서 심대한 정치경제 조정이 시작될 수 있음을 의미한다. 이에 본 연구는 아시아-태평양 농식품 무역구조의 변화 추이와 거기서 기축적 역할을 하는 주요 신흥국 네 곳의 계육‧대두산업 발전과정을 분석함으로써 아시아-태평양 기업식량체제의 변화 추세와 향방을 가늠해보고자 했다. 지속적으로 성장 중인 아시아-태평양 농식품 무역의 기축을 이루는 신흥농업국들로서 태국, 멕시코, 브라질, 중국에서는 1990년대에 초국적 농산업자본이 유입되며 계육‧대두부문이 본격적인 수출산업으로 재편되었고, 그 과정에서 일부 국내기업도 초국적 기업과 협력‧경쟁하면서 스스로 초국적화되는 성과를 보였다. 특히 브라질의 대규모 대두 수출과 그에 기초한 중국의 축산혁명은 아-태 지역 곡물-축산 복합체의 핵심을 이루는데, 두 국가에서 정부는 과거와 달리 민족농업에 기초한 식량주권 확보가 아니라 환태평양 지역의 분업구조 속에서 경쟁력을 갖는 농식품기업을 지원하는 전략을 취하고 있다. 신자유주의 질서 속에서 전개되는 두 국가의 이런 ‘신발전주의’적 전략은 중국을 중심으로 하는 아시아-태평양 지역통합을 강화시키는 동시에 미국과 일본이 주도하던 기존 기업식량체제에 긴장과 균열을 낳을 수 있다.

Abstract

The launch of the Trump Administration in the United States, which is interpreted as a new protectionism after the global financial crisis and the food crisis in 2007-09, eventually led to renegotiation of the Korea-US FTA, which could lead to a massive political and economic adjustment in both the Korean and the Pacific Rim countries. This study analyzes trends in the Asia-Pacific agro-food trade structure, focusing on the development process of four major emerging countries' chickens and soybean industries, for identifying trends in the Asia-Pacific corporate food regime. As major ‘NACs’ in the Asia-Pacific agro-food trade, which is growing steadily, Thailand, Mexico, Brazil and China hosted transnational agricultural capital in the 1990s. As a rule, the poultry and soybean sectors in these countries were reorganized into full-fledged export industries. In the meantime while, some domestic companies have been transnationalized in competing and cooperating with the foreign companies. In particular, Brazil's large-scale soybean exports and the Chinese livestock revolution based on them are at the core of the Asia-Pacific grain-livestock complex. Unlike in the past, governments in both countries have taken a strategy not to secure national food sovereignty based on national agriculture but to support agri-food enterprises that are competitive in the division of labor in the Pacific Rim. These so-called ‘neodevelopmentalist’ strategies of the two countries that are developed in the neo-liberal order are the new forces that can strengthen China-centered Asia-Pacific integration and create tensions and rifts in the existing Asia-Pacific corporate food regime led by the United States and Japan.

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