빈곤층의 물질적 궁핍, 실태와 영향요인 분석
Material Hardship of the Poor Families in Korea: The Distributions and Determinants of Material Hardship
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본 연구에서는 물질적 궁핍의 측정 및 분석이 빈곤에 대한 다각적 이해에 유용할 뿐 아니라 빈곤층의 경제적 어려움 해소를 위한 대책 마련에도 주요한 정책적 시사를 제공할 수 있음에 주목하여, 한국사회 물질적 궁핍의 전반적 실태와 더불어 빈곤층의 물질적 궁핍의 양상 및 관련 영향 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 분석에서 물질적 궁핍은 기본욕구 충족과 밀접히 관련된 음식(food), 주거(housing), 생활필수공공재(utilities), 의료서비스(medical care)에의 결핍 경험으로 정의, 측정하였으며, 분석자료로 한국복지패널조사자료를 활용하였다. 분석결과에서는, 물질적 궁핍을 경험한 가구의 비율은 전체의 17.0%로 나타나 최소수준의 기본욕구조차 충족치 못하는 가구들이 적지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 소득계층 및 빈곤지위별 분포를 분석한 결과에서는 물질적 궁핍이 하위 소득계층(34.8%) 및 빈곤층(40.7%)에서 높게 경험되고 있지만, 중간 소득계층(18.0%) 및 비빈곤 차상위층(36.6%)에서도 적지 않게 경험되는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 빈곤층을 대상으로 관련 요인들의 영향을 분석한 결과, 가구소득(욕구대비소득)은 별다른 영향이 없는 반면 소비지출 관련 요인(주거형태, 가족형태, 건강상태) 및 여타 경제적 자원(재산, 기초보장수급), 가구주의 취업지위 등은 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 소득빈곤의 분포와 물질적 궁핍의 분포가 일치하지 않음을 보여주어, 물질적 궁핍의 측면에 대한 분석이 한국사회 빈곤의 다면성을 파악함에 유용할 수 있음을 시사하여 준다. 또한, 빈곤층의 물질적 궁핍 실태와 양상은 국민기초생활보장제도에 대한 적극적 개선 및 보완이 요청됨을 시사하여 준다.
Abstract
Material hardship measures have been used to supplement the traditional income-based poverty measures. Recently poverty researchers have increasingly used measure of material hardship to examine the well-being of low income families. Measuring the material hardship might be useful to a better understanding of the multi-dimensions of the poverty in Korea. Using the data of the Korea Welfare Panel Study(the fourth wave), I examine incidences of material hardship across quintiles of the income distributions and the factors that might affect the experience of material hardship among the poor families. Major findings are as follows. Descriptive results show that nearly one-fifth of all families had experienced at least one of the five material hardships in the year. Those in the bottom quintiles and the poor families are more likely to experience material hardship than the other quintiles and non-poor families. But, incidences of the material hardship in the middle income quintiles and low income families are not a few(18 percent and 37 percent). Logistic regression results show that family-consumption related variables, income other economic resources(asset and public assistance), and household's employment status affect the experience of material hardship among the poor families. But, material hardship among the poor families is not significantly related with family income. These results indicate that material hardship measures are the useful indicators to understanding the multi-dimensions of the poverty in Korea. And they suggest that an extensive reform of the public assistance policy is necessary to relieve the material hardships of the poor in Korea.
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