미국 최저 소득계층 여성가장의 취업과 일상생활에서의 곤궁경험
Maternal Employment and Material Hardship Experienced by Unmarried Families Under the Poverty Line
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본 연구는 미국의 최저 소득계층 여성가장을 대상으로 하여 이들의 취업이 일상생활에서 경험하는 물질적 곤궁과 어떤 관련을 맺는지를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 소득에 근거한 빈곤의 측정은 취업한 여가장 가족을 대상으로 할 경우 한계가 매우 크다는 점에 주목하여, 가족원의 경제적 기본욕구 충족도를 나타내는 물질적 곤궁의 수준을 통해서 여가장 가족의 경제적 어려움을 분석해보고자 시도하였다. 연구결과, 여성가장 가족의 주요 특성 및 여성가장 개인의 특성을 고려한 상태에서 여성가장의 취업여부는 가족원들이 경험하는 식생활, 주거생활, 의료영역 각각에서의 곤궁 여부에는 유의미한 영향을 주지 않았으며, 단지 전체 영역을 통틀어서 곤궁을 한번이라도 경험했는지의 여부에만 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 빈곤가족을 대상으로 이루어진 선행연구와 비교해 볼 때 본 연구에서의 빈곤 여성가장 가족은 상당히 높은 수준의 곤궁을 일상적으로 경험하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여가장의 가족적 특성변수 중에서는 여가장의 동거여부, 친척이나 친지로부터의 사회적 지원 기대정도가, 여가장 개인의 특성변수 중에서는 연령, 교육수준, 건강상태가 이들 가족이 경험하는 물질적 곤궁의 정도와 유의미한 관련을 맺는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 빈곤층을 대상으로 하는 근로연계복지정책이 강화되는 현시점에서 이들을 대상으로 하는 사회복지정책의 방향성을 재고해 볼 필요성을 제기한다.
Abstract
This study investigates the associations between maternal employment and the material hardship experienced by unmarried families under the poverty line. In order to best identify the aforementioned associations, this study takes into account the major characteristics of unmarried families and unmarried mothers of their own. This study utilizes data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which follows a birth cohort of the children of both unmarried and married parents, with births to unmarried parents substantially over-sampled. Study findings show that unmarried mothers' employment does not substantially decreases the probability of experiencing individual material hardship in the domain of food security, housing, and medical need by their family members; but it reduces the probability of ever-experiencing material hardships in those domains. Among family background factors, maternal relationships with child's father, the expectations of social support, and the number of child under eighteen have significant associations with the probability of experiencing material hardships. Three major characteristics of unmarried mothers, such as age, education, and health, also have significant relationships with the probability of experiencing material hardships.
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