미국 사회과 성립 과정에 대한 역사적 고찰 - 던(Arthur W. Dunn)의 공동체 공민(Community Civics)을 중심으로 -
Study on the Characteristics of ‘Community Civics’ during the Formative Era of Social Studies in the U.S.
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초록
본 연구의 목적은 성립기 미국 사회과에서 정치 교육을 담당한 과목이었던 공동체 공민의 성립 및 확산 과정에 대한 분석을 통해 성립기 미국 사회과의 성격 이해를 위한 시사점을 얻는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 공동체 공민의 성립 과정 및 공동체 공민의 확산 과정 뿐만 아니라 공동체 공민을 개발한 던의 학문적 배경에 대해서도 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 20세기 초반 새롭게 등장한 정치 교육 교과목인 공동체 공민이 다음과 같은 특징을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 첫째, 공동체 공민은 학문적으로 과학적 사회학 방법론 및 듀이의 교육학에 바탕하고 있다는 점에서 국가 또는 정부 형태를 강조하며 미국의 정부 수립 과정이나 헌법에 대한 지식을 강조하던 이전 시기 정치 교육 교과목들과는 차별성을 가지고 있다. 둘째, 공동체 공민은 미국이라는 국가를 중심으로 접근하지 않고 지역사회부터 지구촌까지 다양한 범위의 공동체에 대해 다루었기 때문에 미국 중심의 국가주의 또는 애국주의에 의해 왜곡되지 않을 수 있었다. 미국이라는 국가의 특수성 대신 시민들을 구성원으로 하는 공동체의 보편성을 강조한 것이다. 셋째, 공동체 공민의 성립 및 확산 과정에서 결정적인 기여를 한 것은 국가가 아닌 시민 단체였다. 공동체 공민은 국민으로서의 정체성을 강조하기 위해 국가 차원에서 강조한 교과목이 아니라 시민으로서 요구되는 자질 함양을 위한 시민 교육의 필요성에 관심을 가졌던 시민 단체들에 의해 확산된 교과목이었다. 이와 같은 분석 결과를 바탕으로 20세기 초반 미국에서 등장한 사회과가 미국이라는 특수한 국가의 구성원 양성을 위한 교과가 아니라 공동체 구성원으로서 시민 양성, 즉 민주 시민 교육을 위한 교과로서의 성격을 가지고 있었음을 확인할 수 있다.
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of ‘community civics’ focused on its implications for political education in the U.S. social studies curriculum. ‘Community civics’ was developed by Arthur W. Dunn, who was a specialist in citizenship education. The main findings of this study are as follows: First, ‘community civics’ can be considered as ground-breaking in that its approach to political education was radically different from existing approaches at that time, which tended to put an emphasis on the formation of the U.S. government and constitution. It is worth noting that ‘community civics’ was based on methodology of sociology and Dewey’s educational theory. Second, the scope of ‘community civics’ varied from local to global community with an emphasis on the universal nature of civic society, going beyond a nationalistic approach to civic education. Lastly, it was civic organizations such as National Municipal League and National Education Association that played an important role in promoting ‘community civics’ as a part of social studies.
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