주희가 본 육구연 심학과 선(禪)

Abstract

Confucianism in Song dynasty was reborn as a new form of Confucianism under the influence of Taoist Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism was able to theoretically confront Taoism and Buddhism by establishing its metaphysics and the theory of mind and heart as the theoretical basis of Confucianism centered on ethics. In the case of Zu-xi, he had been fascinated with Buddhism, especially Zen Buddhism, for about 10 years from mid 10’s to mid 20’s. Zhu Xi met Zen master Daoqian (道謙禪師), a disciple of Dahui(大慧) Zonggao(宗杲), and learned about Kanhua Zen(看話禪). For this reason, he did not accept Lee Tong's “Sit silent and clear mind[默坐澄心]” as a young man. However, at the age of 40, he realized the importance of the practice of Jing(敬) and realized that Yi Tong's teachings were correct when he raised the new theory of Zhonghwa(中和). In 1145, Lü Zu-qian arranged the meeting between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiu-yuan. Zhu Xi met with Lu Jiu-yuan and discussed studies, confirming that Lu Jiu-yuan’s studies were focused on Zen Buddhism. Afterwards, he found out that Lu Jiu-yuan neglected thinking and reflecting through reading books in the process of Gewuzhizhi(格物致知), and properitizing the Honoring the moral nature[Zhundexing尊德性] over the following the path of inquiry and study[Daowenxue道問學]. Furthermore Lu insisted “Just now it’s right.[當下便是]”. Lu’s viewpoints were judged too close to Zen Buddhism and strongly criticized for misleading later scholars. This was also Zhu Xi’s rebuttal to Dahui Zonggao's position on the unity of the three religions or the match between Confucianis and Buddhism, which was represented by the great supremacy of the time. In other words, he criticized the study of Lu Jiu-yuan from the level of the defeating heresy[闢異端]. Lu Jiu-yuan also talked about reading carefully and deeply thinking the meaning of the sentences, and Zhu Xi in his later years also said that first of all we should do honor the moral nature. Zhu Xi and Lu Jiu-yuan inherited the tradition of Confucianism from Confucius and Mencius, but they were very different in the specific ways of practicing them to become a sage. In Zhi Xi's view, the direct practical method of Lu Jiu-yuan moved away from the original spirit of Confucianism and approached Zen Buddhism.