민주화 이후 정치적 위기와 대응: 한국과 태국의 비교론적 함의
Political Crisis and Response after Democratization: Comparative Implications of South Korea and Thailand
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This study explores the political crisis in South Korea and Thailand on the way to democratic consolidation after democratization. Comparing the causes and the processes of the political crisis in the countries, the similarities and differences are identified and analyzed. For this, the authors adopted two variables; political leadership and civil society. Generally speaking, democratic consolidation means having substantive democracy on top of procedural democracy that focuses on electoral democracy. Substantive democracy is achieved when political leaders and civil society internalize democratic norm and order as their political attitude and orientation. South Korea and Thailand, democratized in 1987 and 1992 respectively, implemented political reform including constitutional amendment and changes of election and political party laws. In addition, both countries held regular and competitive elections which completes procedural democracy. Procedural democracy, however, is not enough for democratic consolidation. In both countries, political leadership that was not free from authoritarian behavior, political inefficiency, and corruption faced grave political challenges. In civil society as well, unreasonable demands and resistance that tested democratic law and order, political apathy and absence of democratic civil mind invited political instability and crisis. Particularly, 2004 presidential impeachment in Korea and 2006 military coup in Thailand were important occasions to test the ability of political leadership and civil society to cope with political crisis. Consolidating new democracy after democratization needs more than institutional and procedural democracy. Both political leadership and civil society are required to accept agreed democratic law and order as the sole ‘rule of game’ and to internalize democratic attitude in substantive way.
Abstract
This study explores the political crisis in South Korea and Thailand on the way to democratic consolidation after democratization. Comparing the causes and the processes of the political crisis in the countries, the similarities and differences are identified and analyzed. For this, the authors adopted two variables; political leadership and civil society. Generally speaking, democratic consolidation means having substantive democracy on top of procedural democracy that focuses on electoral democracy. Substantive democracy is achieved when political leaders and civil society internalize democratic norm and order as their political attitude and orientation. South Korea and Thailand, democratized in 1987 and 1992 respectively, implemented political reform including constitutional amendment and changes of election and political party laws. In addition, both countries held regular and competitive elections which completes procedural democracy. Procedural democracy, however, is not enough for democratic consolidation. In both countries, political leadership that was not free from authoritarian behavior, political inefficiency, and corruption faced grave political challenges. In civil society as well, unreasonable demands and resistance that tested democratic law and order, political apathy and absence of democratic civil mind invited political instability and crisis. Particularly, 2004 presidential impeachment in Korea and 2006 military coup in Thailand were important occasions to test the ability of political leadership and civil society to cope with political crisis. Consolidating new democracy after democratization needs more than institutional and procedural democracy. Both political leadership and civil society are required to accept agreed democratic law and order as the sole ‘rule of game’ and to internalize democratic attitude in substantive way.
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