필리핀 광산업의 신자유주의화 : 제도 변화를 중심으로
The Neoliberalization of Mining Industry in the Philippines
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The Purpose of this article is to explore the neoliberal globalizing process of Philippines' mining industry after President Ramos started his government, focusing the changes of the mining policy area at the state level. For this purpose firstly it divides the history of her neoliberalization process into two stages. While the first stage is characterized as "compulsory neoliberalization" which came under the late of President Marcos and President Aquino, the second stage is characterized as "voluntary neoliberalization" which has come under the President Ramos and present President Arroyo. Especially the period under President Ramos was very critical in the neoliberalizing process of the Philippines because he passed several deregulation acts and regulations as well as signed and joined in GATT, WTO, ATFA, and even APEC. In terms of mining policy, President Ramos signed the <Philippine Mining Act of 1995> which allowed foreign mining TNCs 100% ownership of mine operations, aside from wider incentives and rights despite of anti-corporate mining groups' strong opposition. Although the government issued the agenda oriented pro-people and pro-environment to avoid people's resistance, the rhetoric of sustainable mining is not possible under mining TNCs as well as it is just used the measure of greenwash for avoiding strong anti-activities. The status of current Philippine mining industry still remains in pre-industrial phase and is completely captured by many global mining corporations. This article is concluded by proposing some policy recommendations based on ecological modernization theory.
Abstract
The Purpose of this article is to explore the neoliberal globalizing process of Philippines' mining industry after President Ramos started his government, focusing the changes of the mining policy area at the state level. For this purpose firstly it divides the history of her neoliberalization process into two stages. While the first stage is characterized as "compulsory neoliberalization" which came under the late of President Marcos and President Aquino, the second stage is characterized as "voluntary neoliberalization" which has come under the President Ramos and present President Arroyo. Especially the period under President Ramos was very critical in the neoliberalizing process of the Philippines because he passed several deregulation acts and regulations as well as signed and joined in GATT, WTO, ATFA, and even APEC. In terms of mining policy, President Ramos signed the <Philippine Mining Act of 1995> which allowed foreign mining TNCs 100% ownership of mine operations, aside from wider incentives and rights despite of anti-corporate mining groups' strong opposition. Although the government issued the agenda oriented pro-people and pro-environment to avoid people's resistance, the rhetoric of sustainable mining is not possible under mining TNCs as well as it is just used the measure of greenwash for avoiding strong anti-activities. The status of current Philippine mining industry still remains in pre-industrial phase and is completely captured by many global mining corporations. This article is concluded by proposing some policy recommendations based on ecological modernization theory.
참고문헌 (37)
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