고대철학의 존재론에 관한 연구

Abstract

This paper aims to examine that Plato’s and Lao Tzu’s ideas about ontology proceeded depending on which flows of consciousness are. They claim Ideas and Tao(道) that are sources or essences of everything in the phenomena of changing, becoming, and perishing, and that are permanent and transcendental realities. These Ideas and Tao proceed as objective idealisms that resemble those flows of consciousness in the surface aspects but are invisible and cannot be thought in the basis of our knowability. For example, Aristotle criticized Plato’s Ideas that have no realities, and he tried to find the source of beings in the phenomena. This interpretation on the transcendental reality, as a result of interpreting by applying to phenomenology that seeks absolute and evident pure consciousness which was founded by Husserl, is that two philosophers were not concluded to reduction of consciousness’s internal (transcendental reduction) realm of the transcendental reality to epoche(stop of judgment). Since Plato claims unchangeable realm that is divided with sensible realm, and he defines the phenomena as the copies(模像) of Ideas, he does not correspond to the ideology of phenomenology(現象學), and Lao Tzu is concluded to the unknowability(不可知) that is difficult to be reduced(還元) between the transcendental reality(實在) and the internal (內在) realm. However, Plato influenced on the development of middle-age theology, along with Aristotle’s ‘unmoved mover’, and it is succeeded and developed by theism(有神論), and they are dichotomized as the directions of materialism and theism today, along with positivism that seek the scientific investigations in the late 19thcentury,and Lao Tzu’s ontology was already succeeded by theory of philosophical principles(哲理論)reflecting on the characteristics of Chinese world view that excludes supernatural God(無神論), and it greatly contributed to the development of the history of Chinese philosophy.