서유럽 근대농업의 전개와 정치적 근대화: 15-19세기 영국, 프랑스, 독일 사례의 비교
Comparative Study of Agricultural and Political Modernization in Britain, France and Germany, from 15th to 19th Century
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영국, 프랑스, 독일 등 서유럽 3개국의 근대화는 농업과 정치 양면에서 큰 차이를 갖고 전개되었다. 영국에서는 17세기 내전 이후 자본주의 농업과 의회민주주의가 번영과 안정을 낳았다. 프랑스에서는 소농경제의 침체와 의회민주주의의 불안정을 낳았다. 독일에서는 소농과 융커농장이 병존하면서 국가적 지원 하에 생산성 향상이 이루어졌다. 영국에서는 토지귀족들이 자본가들을 동반하여 자본주의 농업을 개척하고 의회민주주의 운영을 주도하며 산업혁명을 맞았다. 프랑스는 대혁명으로 토지귀족과 자본가들이 거세되고 불안정한 의회정치, 나폴레옹 독재와 간헐적 혁명이 되풀이되며 산업화 과정을 겪는다. 독일에서는 국왕과 융커출신 고위관리들이 부르주아들과 연합하여 소농과 노동자들을 분리통치하며 급속한 산업화를 성취한다. 토지귀족-자본가 연합은 영국에서 자유주의적 성격을 독일에서 권위주의적 성격을 띠었는데, 프랑스에는 그러한 연대 자체가 없었다. 영국과 프랑스는 근대화를 개척했고, 독일은 따라잡는 입장에 있었다.
Abstract
Agricultural and political modernization had proceeded in very different ways in Britain, France and Germany. Capitalist farms and parliamentary democracy resulted in prosperity and stability in Britain. Peasant economy stagnated and parliamentary democracy vacillated in France. Germany had supported peasants and Junker farms to improve productivity through public institutions. British landed aristocrats partnered with capitalists to develop capitalist farms and lead parliamentary democracy. French landed aristocrats lost political leadership through the great revolution. Kaiser and Junker class-based high officials divided and ruled the peasants and labor during industrialization. Landed aristocrat-capitalist coalition in Britain can be characterized liberal while that in Germany authoritarian. The French experienced agricultural stagnation and political vacillation without such a ruling coalition. Modern dictatorship filled in for the ruling coalition in France. Napoleon Bonaparte rationalized bureaucracy and mobilized sons of peasants to conquer the continent. Napoleon III were elected president based on the support of peasants and intervened in the market to facilitate industrial development. German Government facilitated agricultural growth through public institutions that imported new technologies from Britain. Kaiser initiated the reform of 1807 to liberalize serfs in order to emulate French national army. Liberation of the serfs resulted in the modernization of Junker farms.
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