농업혁명, 의회 인클로저와 농촌사회의 변화, 1750-1850
Agricultural Revolution, Parliamentary Enclosure and Agrarian Changes, 1750-1850
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농업혁명에 대한 최근의 연구를 살펴보면 삼분제의 성립이나 경작규모의 확대와 같은 사회적 및 제도적 변화로부터 생산성으로 논의의 초점이 이동해 온 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 학자들에 따라 ‘혁명적’ 농업변화의 시기를 서로 다르게 설정하였다는 점도 눈에 띤다. 그 결과 예전과 달리 18세기 후반에서 19세기 전반에 이르는 시기가 더 이상 중요성을 인정받지 못하게 되었다. 이 연구는 위의 기간이 여전히 학문적으로 중요성을 평가받아야 할 시기라는 점을 강조한다. 특히 이 기간에 기술진보가 농업생산을 증대시켰고 자본주의적 생산체제의 대두로 농업부문에서 노동력이 감소될 수 있었다는 점에 주목하면서, 의회 인클로저가 이 시기에 변화를 이끈 핵심적인 제도적 추동력임을 밝힌다. 기존의 ‘자발적’ 인클로저와 달리 의회 인클로저의 결정적 특징은 ‘강제성’에 있었다. 이 연구는 그간의 연구들이 의회 인클로저의 결정요인으로 중요시했던 몇몇 변수들―문자해독률과 도회지 여부―을 열린교구-닫힌교구 모형을 이용하여 새롭게 해석한다. 마지막으로, 의회 인클로저 과정에서 상이한 집단 간의 관계를 미시적으로 고찰하기 위해 옥스퍼드셔의 사례를 세밀하게 살펴본다.
Abstract
The recent historiography of the Agricultural Revolution shows that the research focus has shifted from social and institutional changes such as the emergence of tripartite system and the enlargement of farm size to productivity. Also shown is that there were multiple periods which historians have regarded as the period of the ‘revolutionary’ changes. Consequently, the importance of the period from the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century has been underrated. This article stresses that this period still merits scholarly attention. Given the technological progress which increased agricultural production and the advancement of the capitalist production system which enabled labourers to be relieved from the agricultural sector, this article directs special attention to the parliamentary enclosure as an institutional facilitator of these changes. ‘Coercion’ is underlined as a pivotal feature differentiating parliamentary enclosures from earlier ‘voluntary’ enclosures. Utilizing the open-closed parish model, this article presents a fresh interpreed par regarding the variables that hitherto researches have claimed as significant dete artants of parliamentary enclosure such as literacy and township. Frtally, the case of riables tha parliamentary enclosures has been under close scrutiny for a micro-levemedxamrta par of the regional interactions between different groups of people.rehrough an investiga par of the process of the hither Riot, in particular, it appears that the open-closed parish perspective is useful in analyzing the agrarian changes before and after the enclosure.
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