관직의 사적 전유와 근대 관료제의 형성: 프랑스와 영국의 비교
The Birth and Institutionalization of the Venality of Public Offices : Comparison of France and England
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공적 의무를 수행하는 관직을 사적으로 전유하는 현상은 중세에서 근대 초까지 유럽의 많은 국가에서 일반화된 경향이었다. 본 논문은 이러한 현상이 발생한 이유를 프랑스와 영국의 경험을 비교하면서 추적해보고자 한다. 관직의 사적 전유가 발생하는 근본적인 이유는 Weber가 지적하듯이 가산제적 지배의 역동성에 있지만, 그것이 취하는 구체적 형태나 정도는 국가 마다 차이를 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 네 가지 변수(중세 국가 성립 초기의 권력관계, 법률적 기초, 전쟁수행, 대의기관의 역할)를 중심으로 프랑스와 영국에서 관직의 사적 전유가 독특한 형태로 나타나는 것을 분석할 것이다. 근대 관료제의 성립이 관료의 행정 수단으로 부터의 분리를 전제로 한다면, 관직의 사적 전유의 역사를 올바르게 파악하는 것은 관료제도의 연구에 중요한 기여를 하리라 보인다.
Abstract
The venality of public offices had been a general tendency in many European countries throughout the middle and early modern ages. This study attempts to trace why such a tendency occurred by comparing the experiences of France and England. The venality of public offices may have basically been caused by the dynamism of patrimonial domination, as pointed out by Max Weber, but, there had been a great deal of differences concerning its specific form and degree among the countries. This study analyzes why France and England brought about the distinct forms of venal public offices by focusing on four variables. Given the fact that the birth of modern bureaucracy presupposes the separation of officials from the means of administration, the appropriate understanding of the history of the venality of public offices will contribute in no small part to the study of modern bureaucracy.
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