범패 전승의 역사적 고찰 -한국․중국 범패 전래 과정을 중심으로-

Abstract

Pŏmp'ae(Beompae) 梵唄 (Buddhist ritual chant) is the byword of Buddhist music. It is recited with respect and affection for Buddha and his teaching. It is for recollecting his lesson from mind. And by doing this, the trainee could listen to the teaching of Buddha from deep inside his mind. Therefore the pŏmp'ae(Beompae) is the music of asceticism and realization. Pŏmp'ae(Beompae) is regard as the offering to Buddha with one’s voice. By reciting pŏmp'ae(Beompae) with pleasure, the Buddhists praise Buddha and his good deed. Furthermore, to develop the intellect and ability of thought they recite pŏmp'ae(Beompae). Through pŏmp'ae(Beompae), Buddhists can deliver the charitable deed of Buddha and benefit which he or she has gained to people. And keep trying to continue the peace consistently, to obtain virtue and good deed, to practice body and mind, and to change people’s mind through reciting dogma of Buddha. Through examine the movement of Chinese pŏmp'ae(Beompae), the kŏn'go 建鼓 is found which was the formerly drum of pŏpko 法鼓. It was initiated by arrival of Indian Buddhism on the China, and it was officially recognized through the work of ŏsan pŏmp'ae(Beompae) 魚山梵唄 written by Cho Sik 曺植, the son of Cho Cho 曺操. Then, ŏsan in China had significant means as the head of Chinese pŏmp'ae(Beompae). In the Period of the Three Dynasties, there were people who delivered the Buddhist dogma and pŏmp'ae(Beompae). During the Chin dynasty, South and North dynasties, the Kŏn'gang 건강 was the center of South dynasties, and the Changan 長安 was for the North dynasties. These twos cities were the center of the development of the pŏmp'ae(Beompae). The period of North and South dynasties was the starting point for a study on Chinese Buddhist dogma to be constructed which became the model to later generation. In the period of Sui 隋 and Tang 唐 dyansties, the Chinese Buddhist and its culture were in the peak and in the North and South dynasties, the music of Buddhist spread from Buddhist temple to court and public. And due to diffusion of Buddhist and its culture, the Buddhist music became one of the most important constituents. The music of western China and pŏmp'ae(Beompae) were the most popular music not only in the central districts but also in court and common people. In this period, pŏmp'ae(Beompae) was prosperous. In the period of Myŏng 明 and Ch'ŏng 淸 dynasties, the Buddhist music was deeply pervaded as it was getting popularization. Many of Buddhists music was performed using fork melody. About Korean pŏmp'ae(Beompae), there was Chin'gam kuksa 眞鑑國師 in the Three Kingdoms period. And in Koryŏ dynasty, there were Buddhist rituals such as P'algwanhoe 八關會 (Festival of the eight vows) and Yŏndŭnghoe 燃燈會 (Lotus lantern festival). In the Chosŏn dynasty, there was Suryukchae 水陸齋 performed in the court. Through those Buddhist rituals, we can comprehend the existence of pŏmp'ae(Beompae). Terms of Buddhist and combination of voice in pŏmp'ae(Beompae) have absorbing power to people. It is solemn, sober, warm and comfortable, and it leads human mind to the peak of marvelous law of Buddha. The Buddhist music controls human being’s emotion and mind. Learning pŏmp'ae(Beompae) would be meaningful in rapidly moving human life because it can help us to comfort our mind and spirit, including children, teenagers and even adult. Yŏngsanjae(Yeong-san-jae) 靈山齋 had been designated as National Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the Yŏngsanjae(Yeong-san-jae) as an Important Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 50 has been designated in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO and Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in September 30th, 2009 in the Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Now, the Yŏngsanjae(Yeong-san-jae) is not only our own original and traditional culture but also our asset which can be shown to world proudly. In order to protect our great cultural asset, it is our duty to reinterpret and develop it. We have to try to make it reform as synthetic art. To achieve this purpose not only the national, social and educational level of attention and care but also fundamental, thoughtful trials are required.