기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도는 한국의 기업범죄 제재를 위한 대안이 될 수 있나? - 비교법적 관점에서 -
A Comparative Analysis of Deferred Prosecution Agreements as a Potential Solution for Corporate Crime in Korea
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아직까지 한국에서 기소유예약정(DPAs: Deferred Prosecution Agreements)에 대한 본격적인 논의는 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 미국을 시작으로 유럽권 국가들에서는 이미 도입을 결정하였거나 도입을 검토 중이고, 관련 쟁점들에 대한 논의 역시 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 우리나라도 기업에 대한 징벌적 손해배상제도, 집단소송제도의 도입이 꾸준하게 논의되고 있는 만큼, 기업범죄와 관련하여 패러다임을 전환할 수 있는 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도에 대한 논의가 가까운 미래에 이루어질 것으로 예상한다. 이 연구는 예상되는 본격적인 논의에 앞서 제도를 개관하고, 현시점에서 예상되는 문제점을 지적하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 따라서 전체 기업범죄 제재와 관련한 내용을 다루지는 않을 것이고, 우리나라에 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도를 도입하게 되는 경우를 상정하고 예상되는 문제점들을 살피는 것으로 본 연구의 범위를 제한하였다. 먼저 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도가 등장하게 된 역사적 배경을 개관한 뒤, 실제 이 제도를 활용하고 있는 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 싱가포르의 사례를 통해 각국이 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도를 어떤 방식으로 자국의 법체계 안으로 편입시켰는지를 비교법적 관점에서 검토한다. 미국에서 시작된 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도는 개별사례를 중심으로 수정·보완을 거쳐 발전해 오고 있다. 영국은 미국의 제도를 보완하여, 입법을 통해 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도를 도입하였다. 프랑스는 앞선 미국이나 영국의 사례와는 달리 대륙법계 국가임에도 불구하고 입법을 통해 기소유예약정(DPAs) 제도를 도입하였다. 아시아 국가 중에서는 싱가포르가 비교적 최근(2018)에 입법을 통해 기소유예약정(DPAs)를 도입하였는데, 영국의 제도를 뼈대로 삼되 미국식 제도도 적절히 이식하는 방식으로 기존의 문제점들을 개선하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 이 제도를 대륙법계 국가인 한국에 도입하였을 경우 예상되는 문제점을 지적하는 것으로 본 연구를 마칠 것이다. 이 연구는 비록 선명한 대안을 제시하거나 결론을 도출하고 있지 않으나, 이 제도의 본격적인 도입논의가 시작되는 때에 참고할 만한 자료가 되기를 바란다.
Abstract
Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) are a legal mechanism that allows prosecutors to defer or suspend criminal charges against corporations in exchange for certain conditions, such as fines, reforms, or cooperation. Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) have been widely adopted in the United States and some European countries, where they have sparked debates on their effectiveness, legitimacy, and implications for corporate accountability. In Korea, where corporate crimes are a major social issue, Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) have not yet been fully discussed or introduced. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the potential benefits and challenges of Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) in the Korean context, and also aims to provide a preliminary overview of Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) prior to the expected full-scale discussion and to point out problems expected at the present time. Therefore, this study will not cover all aspects of corporate crime sanctions, but will focus on the specific case of introducing Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) in Korea. This study provides a historical and comparative overview of Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs), a legal mechanism that allows prosecutors to defer or suspend criminal charges against corporations under certain conditions. Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) have been widely used in the United States, where they have evolved through case-by-case adjustments. England, France, and Singapore have also adopted Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) through legislative reforms, adapting the US model to their own legal systems and contexts. This study concludes by highlighting the anticipated challenges of adopting Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) in Korea, a continental civil law country. As this study does not offer definitive solutions or recommendations, it aims to serve as a useful reference for future discussions on this topic.
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