기업범죄에 대한 형사 실체법 및 절차법적 대응의 국제적 추세와 함의 - 기업의 형사책임 및 공판 전 우회조치 확대 -
International Trend of Substantive and Procedural Criminal Laws to Deter Corporate Crime and its Implications - Expansion of Corporate Criminal Liability and Pre-Trial Diversion -
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기업범죄에 대한 형사법적 대응의 국제적 추세는 실체법적 측면에서 기업의 형사책임 및 절차법적 측면에서 공판 전 전환조치의 확대로 요약할 수 있다. 이러한 추세는 미국에서 시작되어 같은 판례법계(Common Law) 국가인 영국 뿐 아니라, 성문법계(Civil Law) 국가인 프랑스를 넘어 독일로까지 확산되고 있다. 이를 통해 각 국은 임직원의 범죄 행위에 대하여 기업이 형사 책임을 지게하고, 법집행기관은 당해 기업과의 기소유예합의, 불기소합의 등 공판 전 전환조치를 취할 수 있게 함으로써, 형법의 다양한 목적을 효율적으로 달성하고자 노력 중이다. 즉, 기업활동으로 인해 법익 침해를 야기하는 범죄자로서 법인 및 자연인인 임직원에 대한 형벌 부과를 통한 응보주의 달성, 형벌이라는 위화를 통한 특별 및 일반 예방주의 달성, 인적 및 제도적 개선, 교육 등을 통한 교화 달성, 범죄 피해자에 대한 배상 등을 통한 회복적 정의 달성의 효율성을 제고하고자 노력하고 있다. 하지만, 우리나라는 범죄 행위자로서 임직원 등과 함께 기업을 처벌하도록 하는 양벌규정이 있는 경우에만 매우 제한적으로 기업의 형사책임을 인정하는 한계에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 이로 인해, 기업의 형사책임을 전제로 하는 공판 전 전환조치 도입은 논의조차 되기 힘든 상황이다. 이에, 기업범죄에 대한 형사법적 대응의 국제적 추세에 관한 본 비교법적 연구를 통해, 날로 다양화되고 중대해지는 기업활동 과정에서 야기되는 법익 침해에 대한 우리나라의 보다 적극적인 형사법적 대응책 마련을 독려하는데 일조하고자 한다.
Abstract
Global trend of criminal law against corporate crime is represented as expansion of corporate criminal liability from the substantive perspective and adoption of pre-trial diversion from the procedural perspective. Not solely the common law countries such as US and UK but also the civil law countries such as France and Germany tend to reflect this global trend. This trend illustrates the efforts of countries to achieve diverse purposes of criminal law in deterrence of corporate crimes by utilizing i) criminal penalties against corporations as an instrument to threat them and ii) pre-trial diversion, such as deferred prosecution agreement or non-prosecution agreement, as an instrument to induce their voluntary cooperation with investigation, improvement of internal compliance, and indemnification to victims. Through these substantive and procedural criminal law measures, countries aim to achieve retribution, specific and general deterrence, rehabilitation and restorative justice. Nevertheless, Republic of Korea lags behind this global trend. Republic of Korea fails to recognize corporate criminal liability against the crimes in general. Based on the principle of specialty, corporations can be criminally fined only if the relevant laws expressly provide a provision, so called “Joint Penalty Provision”. Therefore, the procedural measure of pre-trial diversion premised upon the corporate criminal liability is also absent. This paper through its comparative legal analysis on global trend of criminal law against corporate crime aims to encourage legal reform of Republic of Korea to improve corporate crime deterrence.
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