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한국인들의 민주주의 규범 지지와 변화: 아시아 바로미터 2003~2020 분석

Koreans’ Support for Democratic Norms and Its Change: An Analysis of the 2003-2020 Asian Barometer Surveys

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최근 민주주의 퇴행이 전세계적으로 확산되면서 이를 견제하고 방지할 민주주의 규범에 대한 학문적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 특히 현재의 민주주의 후퇴가 과거와 달리 민주적 제도들을 유지하면서 전개된다는 점에서 학자들은 민주정치를 유지하는 문화적 기반으로서 정치규범을 연구하고 있다. 한국정치의 선행연구들은 대통령과 정치인들의 민주적 규범 위반을 비판하고, 체제 수준에서 한국인들의 민주주의 지지를 분석해 왔지만, 장기적 관점에서 민주주의 규범에 대한 지지를 체계적으로 분석하지는 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 아시아 바로미터 2003~ 2020년 자료를 분석하였고, 두 가지 경향을 밝혔다. 첫째, 한국인들의 민주적 규범에 대한 지지는 과거에 비해 약간 상승하였다. 둘째, 제도학습 및 권위주의 유산 이론의 관점에서 한국인들의 민주주의 규범 지지의 변화가 과거 20년 동안 세대와 정당 지지에 따라 다르게 성장 혹은 지체되었다는 점을 발견하였다. 이와 같은 경험적 결과는 한국 정치와 민주주의의 미래에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제시한다.

Abstract

Recently, academic attention has increased regarding political norms aimed at balancing and preventing democratic backsliding, a global phenomenon. In particular, because the current backsliding of democracy continues while maintaining democratic institutions, unlike in the past, scholars study political norms as a cultural foundation to preserve democratic politics. The existing literature on Korean politics has criticized violations of democratic norms among presidents and politicians and analyzed democratic support among Koreans at the regime level; however, it has not systematically investigated their support for democratic norms. Therefore, this study analyzes the 2003-2020 Asian Barometer Surveys and identifies two empirical patterns. First, citizens’ support for democratic norms has increased since the early 2000s. Second, using theories of institutional learning and authoritarian legacies, the study reveals that Koreans’ support for democratic norms has either grown or stagnated across generations and partisan lines. These findings carry important implications for the future of Korean politics and democracy.

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