칸트의 법철학 -법이론의 형이상학적 기초원리의 법실증주의적 기조(基調)에 초점을 맞추어-
Kant’s Philosophy of Law: Focusing on the Positivistic Keynotes of The Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right
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이 글의 테제는, 칸트가 규범적 법실증주의를 취한다는 것이다. 이를 논증하기 위해 저자는, 권리나 법에 관한 사람들 사이의 의견대립은 어째서 생기는가, 그리고 그 해법은 무엇인가에 대한 칸트의 답변을 분석한다. 이를 통해 저자는 인간의 본성이나 자연상태에 대한 칸트의 독특한 관념을 제시하고, 실천이성과 정언명법의 한계를 드러내며, 실정법에 의해 규율되는 시민사회로의 이행이 가져다주는 이점을 해명한다. 다음으로 저자는 어째서 만족스럽지 못한 실정법에 대해 복종해야 하는가에 대한 칸트의 답변을 분석하다. 이를 위해 저자는 주권에 대한 칸트의 관념과 주권의 효력과 정당성의 원천으로 칸트가 제시한 시원적 계약을 분석하고 비판한다.
Abstract
The thesis of the article is that Kant is a normative legal positivist. To demonstrate this thesis, the author analyzes Kant’s arguments on the following questions: (1) why do people disagree about Right(Recht) and (2) what would its solution be? In doing so the author gives a sense of Kant’s distinctive conception of human nature and state of nature (the situation in which each person does what seems right and good to him), exposes the limit of practical reason as exemplified when one uses Kant’s categorical imperative in practice, and explains the advantages that accrue when one moves from state of nature to a civil society governed by positive law. The author also examines Kant’s arguments on why we should obey positive law regardless of its merits. In this regard, the author analyzes and criticizes Kant’s conception of sovereign and gives a sense of the “original contract,” the Kantian version of social contract in which he suggests the validity and legitimacy of sovereignty consist.
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