스펜서의 자유주의: 민주주의를 거부하게 된 자유주의
The Liberalism of Herbert Spencer: One Liberalism that was against Democracy
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이 글은 스펜서의 자유주의가 19세기 후반 영국에서 갖는 의미에 대해 설명하고 있다. 스펜서는 국가간섭에 대해 반대했고 개인의 자유를 옹호했다. 이러한 생각 자체는 개혁성을 띠고 있었다. 하지만 당대의 국가간섭은 사회문제와 얽혀 있었고 선거권 확대에 영향을 받고 있었다. 그 결과 국가간섭은 보수파의 이익을 침해하는 결과를 낳고 있었다. 이런 맥락에서 스펜서의 자유주의는 보수파의 논리로 작동했다. 더욱이 스펜서가 사회진화론을 사회동학의 원리로 받아들이면서 그의 자유주의는 황량한 성격을 띠게 되었다. 스펜서는 민주주의가 집단주의를 낳는다는 사실을 발견하면서 보통선거에도 반대하는 입장에 서게 되었다. 단지 그가 보수주의자들과 달랐던 점은 그가 국가권력 자체를 약화시키려 했다는 것이다.
Abstract
Spencer insisted that any kind of state intervention should be prohibited. His idea could be interpreted as a kind of reformist idea in a sense. But in the context of political atmosphere of the 1870s it functioned just as a shield of the conservatives as the contemporary state intervention infringed the interests of the conservatives. In spite of this phenomenon the liberalism of Herbert Spencer was differentiated from the conservatives as he pursued the social transformation against the preservation of society to which the Tories adhered. He suggested that the state intervention should be lessoned more. But Spencer adopted the Social Darwinism as a way of reaching the goal of his Social Dynamics. This meant the survival of the fittest based on the logic of power. His idea of reform had eventually taken the character of desolate and brutal change. Spencer had also recognized the mechanism of the workings of the state intervention. He noticed the fact that democracy was facilitating collectivism while liberalism was generating individualism. He was against socialism while he regarded all kinds of collectivism as socialism. He shrewdly discovered the fact that democracy should be restricted to resist the advance of socialism. As a result of this recognition he became increasingly negative to the implementation of universal suffrage and land nationalization that he vindicated in his early days. The liberalism of Herbert Spencer became to serve the interests of the conservatives and had an anti-democratic tendency. But we should keep in mind the fact that his idea was different from the conservatives as he did not intend to capture the power of state but to weaken the functions of the state itself.
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