영국 제국주의 전쟁과 근대 화약무기: 아프리카 수단의 옴두르만 전투(1898. 9)를 중심으로
British Imperial War and Modern Firearms: Focusing on the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898
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이 글은 1898년 9월초에 동부 아프리카 수단의 옴두르만에서 영국군과 수단 원주민군 간에 벌어진 전투를 통해 19세기 말에 유럽 열강들이 광대한 식민지를 차지할 수 있던 근본 요인이 양 지역 간 화약무기의 현격한 격차에 있었음을 보여주고 있다. 제국주의 시대에 유럽인들은 세계 지배의 정당성을 식민지인들에 대한 도덕적 우월성에서 구하였지만, 실질적 측면에서 가장 중요한 요인은 쌍방 간 무기 성능의 차이였다. 유럽 군대는 우월한 화력을 바탕으로 원정군으로서 직면한 난점들을 극복하고 원주민들을 지배할 수 있었다. 키치너 장군 지휘 하에 1898년 수단 옴두르만으로 파병된 영국군은 후장식 강선총 및 맥심기관총 등으로 무장한 데 비해, 상대방 칼리파의 군대는 창, 칼, 그리고 간혹 전장식 머스킷을 소지하고 있었다. 서양 열강의 제국주의 진출 배경에 대해서는 그동안 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그런데 문제는 배경에 대한 설명만으로는 무엇인가 불충분하다는 점이다. 19세기 말 서양의 제국주의 팽창을 좀 더 입체적으로 알기 위해서는 원인에 대한 연구도 중요하지만, 무엇보다도 이를 가능하게 해준 수단에 대한 분석이 병행되어야 한다. 제반 수단들 중 가장 중요한 것이 바로 서양의 우월한 무기제작 관련 군사기술이었다. 이러한 맥락에서 이 논문에서는 1898년 9월 2일 중앙 수단의 옴두르만에서 벌어진 영국군과 수단 원주민군과의 전투를 중심으로 화약무기가 영국 제국주의 팽창에 미친 영향을 살펴보고 있다.
Abstract
In the 1890s the eastern Sudan was ruled by Khalifa Abdallahi, the successor to the Mahdi, a religious leader who had led a revolt against Egyptian rule a decade earlier. Meanwhile, the British occupied Egypt to the north while a French expedition was approaching from the west. In 1896 Britain sent a large expedition under General Horatio Kitchener to conquer the Sudan. The Kitchener’s troops carried breech-loaders, Maxim guns, and field cannon. Opposing them was a Mahdist army numbering in the tens of thousands armed with spears, swords, and muskets. The two forces clashed at Omdurman near Khartoum on September 2, 1898. As the young Winston Churchill observed, it was a kind of ‘total massacre’ towards Sudanic natives. After the battle, the British counted eleven thousand Dervish dead, with a loss of 48 their soldiers. Within the five hours the strongest and best-armed savage army had been destroyed and dispersed, with hardly insignificant loss to the victors. What made such a big difference between two sides? The fundamental answer was the revolution in firearms, a by-product of the Western Industrial Revolution. In the 1830s and 1840s there was a rapid advance in industrialization and science. Especially the innovations in firearms contributed to increase the ease of loading, the rapidity of fire, and the accuracy and range of bullets. Above all, these developments soon gave Western nations the ability to dominate and coerce non-Western peoples. Historians have written in detail about Western imperialism. In particular, New Imperialism in the late nineteenth century has long been the object of controversy among historians because of its extraordinary speed and scope. In trying to explain such a expansion, historians have focused on the various kinds of factors. Among the factors that explain the dramatic expansion in Africa during the New Imperialism, some technological innovations in the field of firearms played a major role. In this respect, The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of technology, especially in the field of firearms, in the global expansion of the British empire during the late nineteenth century. In detail, this paper examines the technological innovations of the firearms that permitted Britain to conquer non-Western societies on focusing the battle of Omdurman occurred in Central Sudan of the upper Nile on September 2, 1898. It is the best-known battle in which a European-led force armed with modern weapons confronted an army of traditional African warriors.
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