화약무기 발전과 영국군 기병, 1870-1918
The Development of Firearms and The British Cavalry, 1870-1918
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옛날부터 전장에서 기동력의 원천은 기병이었다. 고대 전투에서 기병의 등장은 20세기 초반에 처음 등장한 탱크가 미친 영향 이상이었다. 과거에 기병의 기본 임무는 빠른 기동력을 바탕으로 적군의 측방과 후방을 교란하고 필요시에 적진을 향해 돌격작전을 감행하여 적군의 대형을 와해시키는 것이었다. 그렇다면 수천년 동안 전장에서 승리의 견인차 역할을 했던 기병은 왜 역사의 뒤안길로 사라지게 되었는가? 바로 화약무기가 비약적으로 발달했기 때문이다. 19세기 후반에 이르면서 후장식 강선소총이 널리 사용되고 기관총 및 대포의 위력이 향상되면서 기병의 주 전투방식인 돌격작전은 거의 불가능하게 되었다. 새로운 전장 환경에 직면하여 영국군 기병은 획기적인 변화를 도모해야만 했다. 보어전쟁(1899-1902)을 전후하여 화력전 시대에 걸맞게 기병대를 개혁하려는 시도가 있었지만, 군내에서 기병대의 특별한 위상과 전통을 고수하려는 반대에 부딪혀 별다른 성과를 거두지 못하였다. 결과적으로 영국군 기병대는 본질적인 변화 없이 화력이 전장을 지배한 제1차 대전을 맞이하였고, 종국에는 전장에서 퇴출되는 운명을 감수해야만 했다.
Abstract
Through the period the main objective of cavalry was to go deep into the enemy deployed force in order to disrupt and/or destroy its battle formation by using its rapidity. Jomini declared that “the principal value of cavalry is derived from its rapidity and mobility.” Napoleon also mentioned that “without cavalry, battles are without result.”However, with the coming of the era of firepower, the traditional role of cavalry should be reconsidered and re-identified to respond to this reality. The British cavalry was needed for changing in operational concepts for fighting battles, and making war in general, which would largely reflect dramatic effects of the Industrial Revolution on battle and warfare demonstrated in or suggested by battles and operations in the First World War. Machine guns and indirect artillery, most evident on the western front, were the best evidence of the Industrial Revolution. So, during the First World War horse cavalry had been preempted from the battlefield, largely by machine guns and maneuverable indirect fire artillery.
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