평화가 가져온 군의 딜레마: 19세기 영국 해군의 진급 적체와 개혁 시도
The Naval Dilemma Brought on by Peace: Reforms to Address Promotion Stagnation in the Royal Navy during the 19th Century
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18세기까지 이상적으로만 여겨졌던 영국 해군의 인사 시스템은 19세기의 ‘평화’를 맞이하여 예상치 못한 딜레마에 빠지게 되었다. 그것은 이전까지 인사 시스템의 동력이 되었던 ‘계속된 전쟁과 전투’라는 환경이 19세기에 이르러 완전히 달라졌기 때문이었다. 이 변화는 곧 장교들의 해상 보직 감소와 진급 기회의 부족으로 이어졌다. 이를 해결하기 위해 해군본부에서는 다양한 조치를 시행했으나, 그것은 임시방편에 지나지 않았다. 1870년 해군 장관으로 부임한 차일더스는 내각의 정치적 지원 속에서 이러한 상황을 타개하기 위한 급진적인 개혁을 시도했다. 그는 먼저 해군본부의 조직 개혁을 단행하여 권력을 장관에게 집중시키고, 이를 바탕으로 진급 및 전역 제도 개혁을 강력하게 추진하였다. 이 개혁은 여러 해군 장교들의 강한 반발을 불러일으키기도 했지만, 차일더스는 이에 굴하지 않고 그 누구에게도 ‘예외 없는’ 개혁을 시행하고자 했다. 하지만 개혁이 시행된 지 얼마 되지 않아 발생한 ‘<캡틴 호> 침몰 사건’은 그의 개혁 기조에 균열을 가했다. 이 사건의 조사에서 드러난 것은 차일더스가 해군본부 위원회를 ‘중앙 집권화’하면서 장교들과의 ‘의사소통’을 차단했고, 그것이 캡틴 호 제작에서 제기된 문제를 간과하는 결과로 이어졌다는 것이었다. 이런 사실은 그의 개혁에 불만을 표했던 ‘측근들’에 의해 폭로되었고, 영국의 여론은 차일더스에 대해 비난을 쏟아내기 시작했다. 결국 이 비난을 견딜 수 없었던 차일더스는 해군 장관직을 사임하였고, 그가 추진했던 해군개혁은 미완으로 멈출 수밖에 없었다.
Abstract
In the 19th century, the personnel system of the Royal Navy that was considered ideal until the 18th century was suddenly faced with an unexpected dilemma. The dilemma was due to the fact that the personnel system was naturally established through numerous battles in the 18th century, but these conditions were no longer applicable in the peace of 19th century. As a result, the Royal Navy was confronted with a shortage of officers’ positions and a lack of opportunity for promotion. In order to handle this issue, the Admiralty implemented various measures, but these were merely temporary solutions. In 1870, the First Lord Hugh Childers, with political support from the Cabinet, introduced radical reforms. First, he put into effect organizational reforms within the Admiralty, shifting power to the hands of the First Lord. This measure facilitated stronger reforms in the promotion and retirement scheme. While these changes resulted in heated opposition from numerous officers, Childers went forward with his reforms allowing no exceptions. On 7th September 1870, in the midst of the reform, the Royal navy witnessed the devastating sinking of the H.M.S. Captain and this obstructed Childers’ plan. Investigations into the incident revealed that Childers’ efforts to centralize the Admiralty resulted in a lack of communication and this led to negligence in addressing problems related to building the ship. Childers’ former ‘close aides’ who had discontent against Childers’ policies, did not hesitate to expose these findings, which roused public antipathy toward his reform. Childers was not able to endure criticisms and thus, resigned from his position in the end, with his reforms having never been completely realized.
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