본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

영국 충성파의 자코뱅주의 - 프랑스혁명기 도덕의 반(反)개혁적 정치화 -

British Loyalists’ Jacobinism: The Anti-reformist Politicization of Morals in the Age of the French Revolution

김철기
영국사학회|2024.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제51호|pp. 137-167|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..51.202406.137

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

morality도덕프랑스혁명자코뱅영국 충성파반(反)개혁주의British loyalistJacobinthe French Revolutionanti-reformism
주제분류역사학

초록

“자코뱅(Jacobin)”은 프랑스혁명기 영국에서도 확산되었던 단어이다. E. P. 톰슨을 위시로한 역사가들은 “자코뱅”을 프랑스혁명가와 비견되는 동시대 영국 개혁가를 지칭하는 데에 사용했다. 본고는 그러한 사용에 주의할 것을 제안한다. 영국의 자코뱅과 자코뱅주의는 프랑스의 것들과 의미가 달랐으며, 영국 개혁가들이 자코뱅이라는 명칭을 기꺼이 받아들이는 사례는 매우 드물었다. “자코뱅”은 오히려 영국 충성파들이 개혁가들을 프랑스와 연관시켜 비난하기 위해 만들어진 이데올로기적 구성물이었다. 자코뱅의 의미는 하나로 고정되지 않았지만, 몇 가지 기초적 측면들을 확인할 수 있다. 핵심은 에드먼드 버크의 『프랑스혁명에 관한 성찰』의 영향으로 자코뱅이 그리고 그들의 자코뱅주의가 부도덕하고 그래서 폭력적이라는 인식이었다. 부도덕하다는 비난은 종교, 재산, 정치체와 같은 주요 도덕적 원천들을 활용했다. 종교를 파괴하여 사회의 응집과 질서를 무너뜨리고, 재산이 없는 사람들이 의회에 진출하여 재산을 강탈하려는 계획이며, 영국이 아닌 프랑스에서 온 원리라라는 것이다. 자코뱅과 그로부터 파생된 수많은 단어들은 충성파의 서신, 의회 연설, 소책자, 신문, 삽화 같은 여러 매체에서 통용되던 언어였고, 그것은 정치·사회 현상에 광범위하게 적용되었다. 그때 자코뱅주의는 점차 프랑스와의 전쟁이라는 상황과 맞물려 피트를 비롯한 광범위한 정치 집단이 참여할 수 있는 반(反)개혁적 대의가 되어 있었다.

Abstract

“Jacobin” is the word that was spreading in Britain in the age of the French Revolution. E. P. Thompson and other historians used “Jacobins” in order to refer to British reformers comparable to French revolutionaries. This article suggests a caution against such a use. “Jacobin” and its derivative words in Britain was different from those in Revolutionary France. It was less an accepted indentity by British reformers than ideological constructs that British loyalists deployed in their anti-reform cause. The meaning of Jacobin varied depending on its contexts, but this article aims to identify some elementary aspects of it. The crux is, influeced by Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), that Jacobinism was immoral and thus violent. The accusation of being immoral utilized more concerte moral sources such as religion, property, and polity. Atheist Jacobins sought to destroy the social cohesion and order by abolishing Christianity, propertyless Jacobins sought to confisticate properties by sitting in Parliament, and Jacobin principles were not English or British but French. Those meanings are being widely circulatted in a variety of communication media such as Parliamentary speeches, correspondences, pamphletes, and cartoons, applying themselves to a wide range of political and social phenomena. By then, Jacobinism had become the anti-reformist cause to which a diverse spectrum of political groups from Pitties to Burkites could join.

참고문헌 (65)

  1. Anon, "On the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, and its Effects on France and Other Countries", Anti-Jacobin Review or Weekly Examiner
  2. Anon, "The Englishman's Political Catechism"
  3. Anti-Jacobin, "Jacobinism Displayed: In an Address to the People of England"
  4. 에드먼드 버크, "프랑스혁명에 관한 성찰" (2008), 한길사
  5. Burke, Edmund, "First Letter on a Regicide Peace", ~
  6. "A peep into the cave of Jacobinism. London, 1799. The British Library, UK, BM Satires / Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum"[URL]
  7. "Promis’d horrors of the French invasion, or, Forcible reasons for negociating a regicide peace vide, the authority of Edmund Burke.”"[URL]
  8. Hathaway, W. S, "The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt in the House of Commons, 3 vols" (1817)
  9. McDowell, R. B, "The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. Vol. 9" (1991), Clarendon Press
  10. McDowell, R. B., "The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. Vol. 8" (1969), Cambridge University Press
  11. Playfair, William, "The History of Jacobinism, its Crimes, Cruelties and Perfidies"
  12. "Author of Jacobinism Displayed. New Lights on Jacobinism, abstracted from Professor Robinson’s History of Free Masonry. Birmingham, 1798", The Times, ~
  13. Ingram, Edward, "Two Views of British India: The Private Correspondence of Mr. Dundas and Lord Wellesley, 1798-1801" (1970), Adams & Dart
  14. "Google Books Ngrams Viewer"[URL]
  15. "Jacobinism, Jacobin, Jacobins, Jacobinical, 1780-1880년"[URL]
  16. "“democarcy”, “Jacobinism”, “Jacobin”, 1780~2000년" (2023)[URL]
  17. Agamben, Giorgio, "Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life" (1995), Stanford University Press
  18. Austin, J. L, "How to Do Things with Words" (1962), Oxford University Press
  19. Broich, Ulrich, "Reactions to Revolutions The 1790s and their Aftermath" (2007), Transaction Publishers
  20. Bourke, Richard, "Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke" (2015), Princeton University Press
  21. Chartier, Roger, "On the Edge of Cliff: History, Language, and Practices" (1997), Johns Hopkins University Press
  22. Christie, Ian, "Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-century Britain : Reflections on the British Avoidance of Revolution" (1984), Oxford University Press
  23. Claeys, Gregory, "The French Revolution Debate in Britain : The Origins of Modern Politics" (2007), Palgrave Macmillan
  24. Claeys, Gregory, "The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall" (1995), The Pennsyvania State University Press
  25. Colley, Linda, "In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60" (1982), Cambridge University Press
  26. Darnton, Robert, "The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France" (1996), Norton
  27. Derrida, Jaques, "Limited Inc" (1988), Northwestern University Press
  28. Dickinson, H. T, "Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain" (1977), Holmes and Meier Publishers
  29. Dickinson, H. T., "British Radicalism and the French Revolution 1789-1815" (1985), Basil Blackwell Ltd
  30. Dickinson, H. T, "Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815" (1989), St. Martin’s Press
  31. Edelstein, Dan, "On the Spirit of Rights" (2019), Chicago University Press
  32. Elliott, John H., "Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain, 1492-1830" (2006), Yale University Press
  33. Epstein, James, "British Jacobin Politics, Desires, and Aftermaths: Seditious Hearts" (2021), Routledge
  34. Geertz, Clifford, "The Interpretation of Cultures" (1973), Basic Books
  35. Goodwin, Albert, "The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution" (1979), Harvard University Press
  36. Harris, Bob, "Politics and the Nation : Britain in the Mid-Eighteenth Century" (2002), Oxford University Press
  37. James, C. L. R, "The Black Jacobins : Toussaint L’Ouveture and the San Domingo Revolution" (1989), Vintage Books
  38. Kidd, Colin., "British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800" (1999), Cambridge University Press
  39. Lacan, Jaques, "Écrits" (2006), W. W. Norton & Company
  40. 이태숙, "근대영국헌정: 역사와 담론" (2013), 한길사
  41. Mori, Jennifer, "William Pitt and the French Revolution, 1785-1795" (1997), Keel University Press
  42. Luhmann, Niklas, "Trust and Power: Two Works by Niklas Luhmann" (1979), John Wiley &Sons
  43. Oldfield, J. R., "Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery: The Mobilization of Popular Opinion, 1787-1807" (1995), Manchester University Press
  44. O’Neill, Daniel, "Edmund Burke and the Conservative Logic of Empire" (2016), University of California Press
  45. Ryden, David Beck, "West Indian Slavery and British Abolition, 1783-1807" (2009), Cambridge University Press
  46. Scrivener, Michael H., "Seditous Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing" (2001), The Pennsyvania State University Press
  47. E. P. 톰슨, "영국노동계급의 형성-상" (2000), 창비
  48. Innes, Joanna, "Re-imagining Democracy in the Age of Revolutions: America, France, Britain, Ireland 1750-1850" (2013), Oxford University Press
  49. Woloch, Isser, "Jacobin Legacy: The Democratic Movement under the Directory" (1970), Princeton University Press
  50. ").”"
  51. Dickinson, H. T, "The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century", pp.503~533 (1990), Oxford University Press
  52. Dinwiddy, John, "The Transformation of Political Culture:England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century", pp.535~560 (1990), Oxford University Press
  53. Dinwiddy, John, "The French Revolution and British Popular Politics", pp.38~49 (1991), Cambridge University Press
  54. Duffy, Michael, "William Pitt and the Origins of the Loyalist Association Movement of 1792", The Historical Journal, 39(4), pp.943~962 (1996)
  55. Epstein, James, "Playing at Revolution: British ‘Jacobin’Performance", The Journal of Modern History, 79(3), pp.495~530 (2007)
  56. Furet, François, "A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution" (1989), Belknap Press
  57. 김철기, "버크의 돼지: 『프랑스혁명에 관한 성찰』에서 정치적 공포의 문제", 서양사론, (152), pp.173~201 (2022)
  58. 김철기, "미국혁명기 아일랜드의회독립의 분기?", 서양사론, (158), pp.45~77 (2023)
  59. 김철기, "윌리엄 피트의 ‘공포정치’와 아일랜드 합방", 석사, pp.2014
  60. Mori, Jennifer, "Languages of Loyalism: Patriotism, Nationhood and the State in the 1790s", The English Historical Review, 118, pp.33~58 (2003)
  61. O’Gorman, Frank, "Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815", pp.21~37 (1989), St. Martin’s Press
  62. Philp, Mark, "The French Revolution and British Popular Politics", pp.50~77 (1991), Cambridge University Press
  63. Sidbury, James, "The Routledge History of Slavery" (2011), Routledge
  64. Skinner, Quentine., "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Idea", History and Theory, 8, pp.3~53 (1969)
  65. 윤영휘, ""거인과 피그미의 전쟁" : 영국 의회의 노예무역 폐지 논쟁과 도덕자본의 정치, 1787-1807", 서양사론, (158), pp.9~44 (2023)

관련 논문AI추천

프랑스혁명 논쟁자들의 영국 헌정 인식 ―버크, 울스턴크래프트, 페인―이태숙영국사학회 · 영국연구2005 · 제14호프랑스혁명에 의한 스코틀랜드인의 정치의식과 여론 대립구도의 변화김영국대구사학회 · 대구사학2021 · 제144권 영제국의 위기와 노예무역 폐지운동과 도덕개혁 운동의 결합, 1787-1807윤영휘영국사학회 · 영국연구2014 · 제31호영어권 계몽주의 연구의 역사와 “잉글랜드 계몽주의”의 발견이우창인문학연구소 · 코기토2022 · 제97권 Edmund Burke and the Spectre of Imperial Grandeur -The American Revolution, the East India Company, and the British National Character-김대륜영국사학회 · 영국연구2008 · 제20호18세기 초 잉글랜드 급진주의 사상의 굴절 - 샤프츠베리 백작(The Third Earl of Shaftesbury)의 경우 -윤석민영국사학회 · 영국연구2021 · 제45호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)

19세기 영제국의 식민지전쟁과 그 수행방식 - 찰스 캘웰(Charles E. Callwell)의 ‘작은 전쟁(Small Wars)’ 이론을 중심으로 -이내주pp. 1-35영국의 대(對)부탄 정책, 1971-1990원태준pp. 37-80포클랜드 전쟁 이후 노트 리뷰 논쟁과 영국 국방정책 방향성에 대한 고찰김경민pp. 81-108Providence, National Repentance and Moral Reform of the Church of England in the Later Seventeenth Century박정규pp. 109-13619세기 영국의 자선 재고(再考): 빈민방문 에티켓을 중심으로설혜심pp. 169-200
원문 보기