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비교연구의 관점에서 본 한국의 유연근무제와 일-생활 균형: 제도의 실효성을 저해하는 요인은 무엇인가?

Flexible Work Arrangements and Work-Life Balance in Korea from Comparative Perspective: What Reduces their Effectiveness?

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초록

본 논문은 국가간 비교분석을 통해 유연근무제의 실효성이 낮은 이유를 탐색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 노동시간 유연성과 관련된 영국과 스웨덴의 제도적 정책적 차이를 규명하고, 그러한 차이가 일-생활 균형에 미치는 상이한 효과를 조명하고자 한다. 영국에서는여전히 장시간 노동체제가 유지되는 가운데 여성 시간제 일자리가 노동시장 내에서주변부 일자리로서 고착되는 경향이 있다. 반면, 스웨덴에서는 초과근로에 대한 규제속에서 남성과 여성 모두에게서 전일제 근로가 지배적인 양상을 띤다. 또한 시간제 근로도전일제 근로와 동등한 권리를 획득하며 전일제로의 복귀가 용이하다. 이와 동시에 영국에비해 스웨덴에서는 남성-여성 모두의 공동부양-공동돌봄 모델을 지원하기 위한 관대한부모육아휴직제도와 광범위한 공공 보육 제도가 확립되어 여성의 노동시장 통합에기여하고 있다. 이러한 비교 사례 분석을 통해 본 논문은 한국에서도 노동시간 유연성과고용안정성간의 타협이 이루어지고, 전일제와 차별이 없는 양질의 일자리로서 시간제근로가 정착, 확산될 필요성이 있으며, 부모 육아휴직제도의 개선과 공공 보육 서비스의확충이 필요하다고 주장한다. 일-가정 양립 정책의 실효성을 제고하기 위해서는 기업차원의 장시간 조직문화 개선 정책과 일-생활 균형 정책의 도입과 더불어 국가 차원의제도적 정책적 틀의 변화가 필요한 것이다.

Abstract

This article tries to explain the reason for the low effectiveness of flexible working time arrangements in Korea by doing a cross-national comparison. For this, it analyzes the institutional variation in the flexible working time arrangements of UK and Sweden and the differences in their impact on work-life balance. UK has a long working time tradition, and women’s part-time work has been marginalized in low-wage jobs By contrast, in Sweden there has been a strong regulation on overtime work, and there is as many full-time women’s job as full-time men’s jobs. Part-time workers are entitled to same rights as full-time workers, and part time work is given to workers as a voluntary and reversible option to adjust working time over the life cycle for care work. So women part time workers do not have difficulties in shifting from part-time to full-time work and conversely. Moreover, Sweden has a generous parental leave policies that support the dual earner-dual carer model, and it also provides an extended public childcare service that ultimately contributes to the labor market integration of women. Drawing upon the cross-national comparison, this article also argues that Korea needs to arrange similarly negotiated process as in Sweden to combine flexibility with employment security, to adopt individual reversible working time option, and to provide an extensive public provision of childcare. To promote the effectiveness of work-life policy, we need to drive changes at the national institutional level as well as at corporate level.

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