국제이주, 젠더, (비)이동성의 동학: 네팔 사례를 중심으로
The Dynamics of International Migration, Gender and (Im)Mobility: Focusing on the Case of Nepal
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초록
이 연구는 네팔정부의 국제이주에 대한 젠더차별적 규제의 배경을 분석하고, 이주여성과 이주가정의 남아있는 여성들의 경험을 통해 국제이주, 젠더, 이동성이 어떻게 맞물려 서로 영향을 주는가를 살펴본다. 이 연구는 ‘이동성 레짐 접근’을 통해 네팔의 국제이주 맥락에서 발생하는 불평등한 권력의 작동방식과 이동과 부동성의 동학을 설명한다. 이 연구는 네팔의 중부산지 농촌마을과 카트만두 일대에서 수집한 현지조사 자료를 바탕으로 이주여성과 남아있는 여성의 경험을 동시에 살펴봄으로써 공간적 이동성에관한 기존 이주연구의 단편적이고 이원적인 접근을 넘어서는 시도를 한다. 네팔의 젠더화된 국제이주는 공간적 이동성이 권력의 위계와 공간성에 의해 구성되는 사회ㆍ정치적 과정임을 확인해준다. 네팔여성에게 부과된 이동성의 엄격한 제약은 이동성에 대한 사회적 위계를 구성하며, 이동성 레짐에서 네팔여성의 위치를 더욱 취약하게 만든다. 그러나 국제이주는 이주여성과 남아있는 여성 모두의 사회ㆍ경제적 지위와 젠더관계에 복합적인 영향을 미치며 기존의 관습과 이데올로기에 도전한다. 네팔여성들은 국제이주를 통해 그들만의 궤적을 생성하고 끊임없는 경계넘기를 시도하며 새로운 사회관계와 이동을 매개하는 초국적 이주공간을 생성해가고 있다.
Abstract
This study examines the ways in which international migration, gender, and mobility intertwine and influence each other. Through a ‘regimes-of-mobility approach’, the study explores the dynamics of mobility and immobility in the context of international migration as well as Nepalese society. It critically examines the background and consequence of gender-discriminatory regulation of international migration imposed by the Nepalese government. By reflecting experiences of both migrant and left-behind women, the study also attempts to go beyond the fragmentary and dualistic approach to spatial mobility in migration studies. The gendered international migration of Nepal confirms that spatial mobility is a social and political process constituted by a hierarchy of power and spatiality. Strict restrictions on mobility imposed on Nepalese women lead to a social hierarchy of mobility and make Nepalese women’s position in the mobility regime even more vulnerable. Nevertheless, international migration has a complex effect on the socio-economic status and gender relations for both migrant and left-behind women, challenging existing customs and ideologies. Nepalese women are creating their own trajectory through international migration, endlessly attempting to cross boundaries, and creating transnational spaces that mediate new social relations and mobilities.
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