본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

귀환이주여성들의 ‘이주 안전망’ 만들기:네팔의 포우라키(Pourakhi) 액티비즘을 중심으로

Making ‘Safe Net of Migration’ by Returnee Women:Focus on Activism of Pourakhi, Nepal

김정선
한국여성학회 (Korean Association Of Women'S Studies)|2013.12|한국여성학 (Journal of Korean Women＇s Studies)|제29권 제4호|pp. 191-236

0

조회

0

다운로드

12

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Nepal네팔empowerment임파워먼트migrant domestic workers안전한 이주중동 이주가사노동자카팔라 시스템아시아여성 액티비즘safe migrationKapala systemAsian women’s activism
주제분류여성학

초록

본 연구는 여성의 안전한 해외노동을 위해 활동하는 포우라키 액티비즘을 통해이주를 계획하고 실행하는 이주여성의 시각에서 ‘안전한 이주(safe migration)’의 가능성을 탐구하였다. 지난 20년간 국제인권 단체와 학자들은 중동 카팔라 시스템 하에서의 이주가사노동을 인신매매 혹은 강제노동으로 규정하고 여성들에 대한 보호를 요청했고, 이에 아시아 송출국들은 자국여성들의 이주를 금지해왔다. 그러나 이는 여성들을 비공식이주로 내몰아 상황을 악화시킬뿐, 전혀 실효를 거두지 못하고있다. 이런 절망적인 상황에서 네팔 귀환여성들은 포우라키라는 조직을 구성하고 권리를 확보하기 위한 정치적 주체로 등장한다. 그들은 스스로를 이주노동자로 정의하고심리적, 의식적, 정치적, 경제적 임파워먼트를 통해 국가 정책과 법 제정 과정에 적극적으로 개입함으로써, 여성친화적이고 더 안전하며 평등한 이주시스템을 만들고국가의 역할을 새롭게 규정한다. 포우라키 액티비즘은 아시아 여성들의 ‘안전한 이주’를 위한 중장기적인 전략의 기본방향을 제시한다. 첫째, 중동 이주가사노동자 이슈는 인신매매가 아니라 권리 패러다임 안에서 다루어질 필요가 있다. 둘째, 여성이주에 대한 근본적인 해결책으로서 모국에서의 경제적 자립은 이주관련 글로벌 거버넌스뿐 아니라 풀뿌리 이주운동에서 중요한 이슈로 다루어져야 한다. 셋째, 이주가사노동자에 대한 책임의 주체는 고용주나 에이전시와 같은 개인으로부터 송출국과목적국 양국 정부로 전환되어야 한다.

Abstract

Looking into the activism of Pourakhi in Nepal, this paper explores the possibility of the safe migration from the perspective of Asian migrant women who plan and try to work abroad. International NGOs on Human Right and scholars have defined migrant domestic work under the Kapala System in gulf countries as human trafficking or slavery, and they have asked for protection migrant domestic workers for last twenty years. In response to this, the government of sending countries in Asia prohibited for their women from working as a domestic worker in those gulf countries. However, the ban has driven migrant women into the irregular route and only exacerbate the problems, instead, never produce actual results. In this hopeless situation, Nepali returnee women organized the NGO, Pourakhi has appeared the political subjects for rights. They are identified themselves as migrant worker and have involved in the process of enacting the act and making policies on migration through the psychological, consciously, political and economic empowerment. They have established women-friendly, safer and more gender equal migration system in the national level. Moreover they have renewed the role of government. The activism of Pourakhi suggests basic directions for safer migration of Asian women. First, the issue of migrant domestic workers in gulf countries should be in the right-based frame instead of the human trafficking frame. Secondly, financial self-reliance in home country as the fundamental solution should be consider as the important issue not only in the global governance on migration but also in the grass-root migrant activism. Third, the subject of the legal responsibility for migrant domestic workers should be changed from individual employer and agency to the government of both sending and receiving countries.

참고문헌 (45)

  1. 양혜우, "귀환 이주활동가의 사회운동과 초국적 사회자본에 관한 연구 : 방글라데시 네팔 노동자를 중심으로", 석사, 사회학, pp.2011
  2. 파레냐스, 라셀 살라자르, "세계화의 하인들" (2009), 여이연
  3. 포르투나티, 레오폴디나, "재생산의 비밀" (1997), 박종철출판사
  4. 페데리치, 실비아, "캘리번과 마녀: 여성, 신체 그리고 시초축적" (2011), 갈무리
  5. Abu-Habib, Lina, "The Use and Abuse of Female Domestic Workers from Sri Lanka in Lebanon", Gender and Development, 6(1), pp.52~56 (1998)
  6. Anderson, Bridget, "Different Roots in Common Ground : Transnationalism and Migrant Domestic Workers in London", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), pp.673~683 (2001)
  7. Anderson, Bridget, "Mobilizing Migrants, Making Citizens : Migrant Domestic Workers as Political Agents", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(1), pp.60~74 (2010)
  8. Trafficking in Women, Forced Labour and Domestic Work: in the Context of the Middle East and Gulf Region, "Anti Slavery International", Anti Slavery International, ~ (2006)
  9. False Promises: Exploitation and Forced Labour of Nepalese Migrant Workers, "Amnesty International", Amnesty International, ~ (2011)
  10. Labour Immigration and Labour Markets in the GCC Countries: National Patterns and Trends, "Baldwin-Edwards, Martin", London School of Economics Kuwait Programme on Development, ~ (2011)
  11. Constable, Nicole, "Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers" (2007), Cornell University Press
  12. Constable, Nicole, "Migrant Workers and the Many States of Protest in Hong Kong", Critical Asian Studies, 41(1), pp.143~164 (2009)
  13. Ehrenreich, Barbara, "Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy" (2003), Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company
  14. Grugel, Jean, "Global Governance, Economic Migration and the Difficulties of Social Activism", International Sociology, 26(4), pp.435~454 (2011)
  15. Interim Report Protecting and Empowering Migrant Domestic Workers and Promoting Their Rights, "Gurung, Ganesh", Anti Slavery International UK, ~ (2012)
  17. "Policy Paper on Reforming the Sponsorship System for Migrant Domestic Workers: Towards an Alternative Governance Scheme in Lebanon" (2012)[URL]
  18. "As If I Am Not Human: Abuses Against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia" (2008)[URL]
  19. "Walls at Every Turn: Abuse of Migrant Domestic Workers through Kuwait’s Sponsorship System" (2010)[URL]
  20. Jarallah, Yara, "Domestic Labor in the Gulf Countries", Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 7(1), pp.3~15 (2009)
  21. Jureidini, Ray, "Female Sri Lankan Domestic Workers in Lebanon: A Case of “Contract Slavery?", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(4), pp.581~607 (2004)
  22. Jureidini, Ray, "Trafficking and Contract Migrant Workers in the Middle East", International Migration, 48(4), pp.142~163 (2010)
  23. Lan, Pei-Chia, "Negotiating Social Boundaries and Private Zones: The Micropolitics of Employing Migrant Domestic Workers", Social Problems, 50, pp.525~549 (2003)
  24. Mies, Maria, "Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour" (1986), Zed
  25. McMillan, Brad, "Empowerment Praxis in Community Coalitions", American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), pp.699~727 (1995)
  26. NIDS, "Nepal Migration Year Book" (2006)
  27. Oishi, Nana, "Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia" (2005), Stanford University Press
  28. O’Neill, Tom, "Selling Girls in Kuwait: Domestic Labour Migration and Trafficking Discourse in Nepal", Anthropologica, 43(2), pp.153~164 (2001)
  29. Pande Amrita, "The Paper that You Have in Your Hand is My Freedom: Migrant Domestic Work and the Sponsorship (Kafala) System in Lebanon", International Migration Review, 47(2), pp.414~441 (2013)
  30. local World, "Rethinking Em(power)ment, Gender and Development: An Introduction, In Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global", pp.2002, Parpart, Jane L.
  31. Perkins, Douglas D., "Empowerment Theory, Research, and Application", American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), pp.569~579 (1995)
  32. Pourakhi, "Report Addressing Vulnerabilities of Women Migrant Workers to HIV & AIDS" (2009), Heidel Press Pvt. Ltd
  33. Rappaport, Julian, "Terms of Empowerment", Exemplars of Prevention: Toward a Theory for Community Psychology, 1987, pp.15(2), 121~148
  34. Sassen, Saskia, "Globalization and its Discontents" (1998), The New Press
  35. Sassen, Saskia, "Women’s Burden: Counter-geographies of Globalization and Feminization of Survival", Journal of International Affairs, 52(2), pp.504~524 (2000)
  36. Sassen, Saskia, "Global City and Survival Circuits, In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy" (2003), Metropolitan
  37. Schwenken, Helen, "Respect for All: The Political Self-Organization of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the European Union", Refuge, 21(3), pp.45~52 (2004)
  38. Shah, Nasra M., "Violence Against Women Migrant Workers: Issues, Data and Partial Solutions", Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(1), pp.5~30 (1997)
  39. local World, "Education as a Means for Empowering Women, In Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global", pp.2002, Stromquist, Nelly P.
  40. UN, "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime" (2000)
  41. UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, "Country Profile- Nepal" (2009)
  42. UN Women, "Government of Nepal Bans Women under 30 from Migrating in the Gulf–UN Women’s Standpoint" (2012)
  43. Vlieger, Antoinette, "Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking Victims?", International Migration, 50(6), pp.180~194 (2012)
  44. Zimmerman, Marc A., "Empowerment Theory, In Handbook of Community Psychology", pp.43~63 (2000)
  45. Zimmerman, Marc A., "Further Explorations in Empowerment Theory: An Empirical Analysis of Psychological Empowerment", American Journal of Community Psychology, 20(6), pp.707~727 (1992)

관련 논문AI추천

국제이주, 젠더, (비)이동성의 동학: 네팔 사례를 중심으로신지원한국사회역사학회 · 담론2012021 · 제24권 제2호출신사회와 거주사회를 통해 본 네팔결혼이주여성의 시민권 문제신난딩사회과학연구소 · 지역과 세계2020 · 제44권 제2호성·유흥산업의 이주여성정책: 국가는 이들은 어떻게 관리하였나?김희강, 송형주다문화평화연구소 · 다문화와 평화2017 · 제11권 제2호국제노동이주와 젠더: 배제와 제한된 포용이선주한국여성학회 · 한국여성학2006 · 제22권 제4호동아프리카 여성의 노동 이주와 선교전략: 사우디아라비아 사례를 중심으로김해영한국복음주의신학회 · 성경과 신학2025 · 제115권 남아시아인의 걸프 지역 이주와 걸프국가의 이민정책: 인도 케랄라인의 아랍에미리트 이주를 중심으로김경학아시아연구소 · 아시아리뷰2022 · 제12권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)

“성 주류화 하기(Doing gender-mainstreaming)”의 가능성 탐색: 시민 성별영향분석평가단 활동을 통한 젠더지식과 입장의 형성주혜진pp. 1-40한국 여성학 ‘위기담론’의 재구성:여성활동가 대학원 교육 사례를 중심으로허성우pp. 41-74서구 여신담론과 관음의 젠더김명숙pp. 75-112비혼 여성 활동가들의 공동체 농사를 통해 본도시농업의 여성주의적 실천 가능성김효정pp. 113-154성별영향평가와 젠더-거버넌스의 구축:세 지역사례의 분석을 통해 본 쟁점안경주pp. 155-190
원문 보기