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이주국가의 부상 - 네팔의 국제 이주노동 제도화의 특징과 잠재적 문제점 -

The Rise of Emigration State: Characteristics and Potential Problems in the Institutionalization of Nepal’s International Labour Migration

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초록

본 연구는 이주국가로서 네팔 국제 이주노동의 특징과 제도화를 검토하고 이러한 정부 주도 이주노동 제도화의 잠재적 문제점을 도출하는 데에 목적이 있다. 본 논문의 내용은 크게 3가지로 구성되어 있다. 첫째는 네팔이 이주국가로서 부상하게 된 지리적 배경을 저개발의 맥락에서 자연환경, 민족구성, 산업구조와 정치의 네 가지 측면에서고찰했다. 둘째, 네팔 국제 이주노동의 현황 및 특색을 살펴보고 특히 네팔의 국제 이주노동이 정부의 어떠한 제도및 정책과 관련되어 있는지에 초점을 두어 이주국가의 제도적 특징을 살펴보았다. 셋째, 네팔 정부의 이주 정책과 그에 따른 개별 이주민의 초국적 송금이나 귀환 이주 등의 실천이 네팔에 어떠한 영향을 끼치고 있고 이의 문제점에는무엇이 있는지를 살펴보았다. 결론적으로 네팔이 추구해온 적극적인 정부 주도의 이주노동 제도화 정책은 네팔 GDP 의 30%에 달하는 해외 송금액의 유입이라는 결과를 낳았지만, 이에 대해 네팔 사회가 지불하고 있는 기회비용과 대가는 적지 않다. 여기에는 송금에 대한 과도한 의존, 네팔에 대한 부정적 인식의 확산, 비숙련 노동 중심의 이주노동, 그리고 저소득층 및 여성의 이주 기회 제약과 차별 등이 있다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and institutionalization of Nepal’s overseas migration labor policy and to investigate potential problems resided in such government-led institutionalization. For this purpose, this paper is composed of three main sections. The first section examines the ways in which Nepal has risen up as an emigration state in terms of natural environment, ethnicity, industrial structure, and politics. The second investigates how the government of Nepal has promoted overseas migration labor by way of institutionalizing overseas migration process. The third critically reviews the Nepalese government’s migration policy and discusses the ways in which it generates potential problems in the civil society. Although the Nepalese government accomplished a large amount of remittance inflow accounting for about 30 percent of the country’s GDP, such sucess is not without counter-effects and problems. They include overdependence on international remittance, generation of country’s negative self-imagery, domination of unskilled labor in overseas employment, and limits of and discrimination over lower class and women.

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