청대 관료제의 구조와 문화

Abstract

The family in Far East Asia is a fundamental principle for social organization as wel as a sort of primary school in socialization. Thus, countries in Far East Asia have ben called "countries of clan rules," "countries of family," etc. This kind of family principle is aplicable to both public bureaucracy and public organization, as well. The purpose of paper is to examine the structure of Qing Dynasty bureaucracy, analogizing the principle of family structure. During the Qing Dynasty, coming into power existed with average at the same time. For coming into more power, emperors set up Jun Ji Chu(軍機處) and Ministry of Home Affairs, which are governmental institutions, controlled information through intelligence agency, and controlled finance through centralized financial policy. Also, emperors recruited many bureaucrats through the system of personnel administration. Simultaneously, they tried to govern political institutions, distributed equal amount of lands to the people, checked people's ideology by emphasizing filial duty of Confucianism, and exercised control over Chinese Gentry and ethnic clans. However, men of influence could tighten their control over personnel reshuffle, finance, and even military power. As a result, ‘Guanxi’ was formulated in personnel administration and administrative corruption was prevalent. In short, Chinese Gentry and clans placed political power under their controls, not only Chinese Gentry but also great landowners held a great portion of lands, and principles of Confucianism were not kept by the people. Bureaucracy during Qing Dynasty considered merit system due to its belief on average. In addition, through the merit system, filling off and integration in organization happened very rapidly.