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미국 주 차원의 기후변화 정책 실험- 규범기업가의 기후변화 프레이밍을 통한 확산과정을 중심으로

The State-level Policy Experiments of Climate Change in the United States: Focusing on the Role of Norm Entrepreneurs in Framing of Climate Change

정하윤
한국사회역사학회 (Korean Association Of Socio-Historical Studies)|2015.08|담론201 (Discourse 201)|제18권 제3호|pp. 137-167|DOI 10.17789/discou.2015.18.3.005

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프레이밍Framing미국 기후변화 정책주 차원 기후변화 정책실험규범기업가Climate Policy in the United StatesState-level Policy ExperimentsNorm Entrepreneur
주제분류사회학

초록

본 연구는 미국 주 차원의 기후변화 정책실험을 규범기업가의 프레이밍과 확산과정 및 맥락을 중심으로 설명하였다. 미국 연방 차원에서 통합된 기후변화 정책이 존재하지 않지만, 미국 주들은 정책의 주도자 혹은 혁신자 역할을 담당하면서 기후변화 정책실험실로 기능하고 있다. 주 차원의 규범기업가는 기후변화 이슈를 경제적 차원에서 프레이밍하였고, 네트워크를 통해 확산시켰다. 주 차원의규범기업가는 연방의 통합된 기후변화 정책의 부재로 인한 빈 공간에서 정책 기회를 찾아내고, 아이디어를 실행 가능한 정책으로 변환시켰다. 이들 규범기업가는 각 주들의 조건 및 차이에 적합하도록 기후변화 이슈를 환경적 위협, 경제적발전의 기회, 혹은 경제적 위협으로 각각 프레이밍하였다. 이 과정에서 환경개선은 보조적 이익이 되었고, 경제발전과 경제이익의 기회로 프레이밍된 기후변화이슈는 네트워크화 된 정책 옹호자들의 전시효과의 전략적 이용, 시장가격 형성및 확대, 정책 확산 및 학습, 그리고 규범창출 및 공표의 경로를 통해 전국의 주들로 확산되었다. 연방 차원의 통합된 기후변화 정책의 부재는 오히려 주 차원정책 확산의 기회로 작용하였다. 결국 미국 주 차원 기후변화 정책은 경제적이익 창출이 가능한 이슈로 프레이밍 되었기 때문에 확산이 가능했지만, 대부분시장 기반의 구속력 없는 방식으로 이루어졌다는 점에서 실제 이행과 실효성에는 한계가 존재한다.

Abstract

This study focuses on the climate change policy development at the state-level in the United States. The experiments of climate change policy at the state-level have brought to the development, diffusion and innovation of climate initiative throughout the all states. These states have set a target for mitigating emissions of greenhouse gas, set energy efficiency standards, developed the clean energy resources and operated the regional greenhouse gas initiative based on the cap-and-trade system. The norm entrepreneurs at the state-level took advantage of an opportunity of developing various climate policies in the absence of the integrated policy at the federal-level. As they have framed climate change issue as an opportunity for economic development, this framed issue has been influenced most states to accept climate change initiatives and diffused through the pathway of the strategic use of demonstration effects, market expansion and pricing, policy diffusion and learning, and norm creation and promulgation. However there remains the limit in the effectiveness of policy implementation in terms of the market-based and non-binding policy measures.

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