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아시아대륙의 양면석기(Bifaces) 연구 현황과 전망-형태적 단일성 속에 감춰진 기술적 다양성-

Current Status and Prospect of Research on Bifaces in the Asian Continent -Technical diversity hidden in morphological unity-

박성진
한국고대학회 (Korean Association For Ancient Studies)|2023.08|선사와 고대 (Prehistory and Ancient History)|제72호|pp. 5-54

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참고문헌

키워드

기술technology주먹도끼아슐리안양면석기Acheulean모비우스 라인bifacehand-axeMovius line
주제분류역사학

초록

모비우스의 이원론적 석기 문화론에 따르면 동아시아 일대는 양면석기가 없는 찍개문화권에 속한다. 그러나 1970년대 후반 전곡리유적의 발굴조사 이후 지난 40여 년 동안 동아시아지역에서 축적된 조사 성과들은 모비우스 가설을 부정한다. 이 연구에서는 아시아대륙의 양면석기 출토유적들에 관한 최신 자료를 총체적이고 거시적 시각에서 검토하여 모비우스 모델이 과연 타당한지 구체적이고 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이와 같은 목적을 위해 이번 연구에서는 먼저 아시아 구석기 연구의 현황을 지역별로 간략히 살펴본 다음, 협의가 되었든 광의가 되었든 간에 모비우스 라인이 더 이상 지속해서는 안 되는 이유에 관해 구체적으로 논증해 보았다. 현재 모비우스가 활동하던 시대에 비해 아시아 각국에서 훨씬 많은 구석기시대 유적들이 발굴‧조사되었고 또 연구 방법에서도 그때와 비교할 수 없을 정도로 발전하였다. 그런데도 구석기 연구는 19세기 사상체계의 잔존물인 모비우스의 담론에서 아직 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 이러한 현상을 타개하기 위해 이번 연구는 그동안 양면석기라는 형태적 단일성(unity) 속에 숨겨져 있던 기술적 다양성(varieties)을 찾아 모비우스 가설의 허구성을 규명하고자 하였다. 한편 국내 학계에서는 아직 이웃 국가들의 연구 성과들이 제대로 소개되지 않고 있는 형편이다. 따라서 이번 연구는 국내 학계에 세계 구석기 학계의 동향을 소개하고 한반도의 구석기의 여러 가지 특징을 주변 지역과 비교‧분석한다는 점에서도 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 마지막으로 이 연구는 답보상태를 벗어나지 못하는 전곡리유적의 연대를 중국지역 유적과의 비교‧분석하여 추정해보고자 하였다. 이에 따르면 전곡리유적에서 양면석기가 최초 출현한 시기는 이른바 ‘아슐리안’ 말기의 북중국 양면석기군들과 기술-형태적으로 친연관계가 확인된다는 점에서 후기 갱신세 초기, 또는 중기 갱신세 말기에 형성되었을 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

According to Movius' dualistic theory of stone culture, East Asia is a cultural zone without bifacial stone tools. However, since the excavation of the Jeongok-ri site in the late 1970s, the results of research accumulated in East Asia for the past 40 years deny the Movius hypothesis. This study aims to examine the validity of the Movius model in detail by examining the latest data on the remains of bifaces from the Asian continent from a global perspective. To achieve this goal, this study first briefly reviewed the current status of Paleolithic research in Asia by region, and then discussed in detail why the Movius line sensu lato or sensu stricto should no longer continue. Compared to the current era when Movius was active, much more Paleolithic remains have been excavated and investigated in Asian countries, and research methods have also developed incomparably. However, the study of the Paleolithic still has not escaped from the discourse of Movius, a remnant of the 19th century ideological system. In order to overcome this phenomenon, this study sought to find out the technological diversity hidden in the morphological unity of bifaces, and to identify the fictitiousness of the dualistic stone culture epistemology implied by the Movius hypothesis. Meanwhile, in the domestic academia, the research achievements of neighboring countries have not yet been properly introduced. Therefore, this study is meaningful in that it introduces the trends of the world Paleolithic academia to the domestic academia and compares and analyzes various characteristics of the Paleolithic on the Korean Peninsula with those of the surrounding areas. Lastly, this study attempted to estimate the age of the Jeongok-ri site, which is still at a standstill, by comparing and analyzing it with the sites around the Korean peninsula, and according to this, it is estimated that the bifaces of Jeongok-ri site appeared from the last stage of Middle Pleistocene or the early stage of Upper Pleistocene.

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