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중기구석기시대 유럽의 양면석기문화:지역화된 문화적 행위의 출현

Bifacial tools in Middle Paleolithic in Europe: The Emergence of Localized cultural behaviors

박성진
한국대학박물관협회 (Korean Association Of University Museums)|2024.12|고문화 (KOMUNHWA (Korea Antiquity))|제104호|pp. 7-51

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참고문헌

키워드

지역문화Regional culture주먹도끼Middle Paleolithic아슐리안양면석기중기구석기시대AcheuleanBifaceHand-axe
주제분류역사학

초록

이 연구는 현재 국내 구석기 학계에서 통용되는 표준서사가 19세기 후반부터 80년대 초까지 지배적인 석기 연구방법론이었던 형식분류학적 접근법의 결과물이었음을 논증하고, 아울러 그러한 표준서사가 탄생했던 유럽에서조차 고고학적 실재와 잘 들어맞지 않는다는 점을 규명해 보고자 하였다. 기존 표준서사에 따르면 중기구석기시대는르발루아를 비롯한 격지 석기문화의 시대이다. 그러나 80년대 이후 유럽에서 중기구석기시대의 시작 연대가 35 만년 전으로 상향 조정되고 르발루아 이외에도 다양한 밑감 생산 방법이 존재했다는 점이 밝혀졌다. 유럽에서 중기구석기시대 후기에 출현한 양면석기문화는 크게 다섯 개 권역으로 구분된다. 프랑스 남서부지역의MTA, 라인강 동쪽부터 멀리 알타이산맥까지 광범위하게 확인되는 KMG, 서부유럽 북부지역의 MOB, 영국의 부-쿠페 문화, 그리고 피레네산맥 북사면을 따라 발달한 바스코니안문화 등이다. 흥미로운 점은 유럽대륙 각 지역에서 독자적으로 발생했던 다양한 중기구석기시대 양면석기문화가 MIS 3(6만 년 전~2만 4천 년 전)에 집중적으로 분포된 양상을 보인다는 점이다. 이 시기는 사멸해 가는 네안데르탈이 마지막으로 석기문화를 꽃 피운 시기였다. 그리고 동시에인류역사상 처음으로 좁은 의미의 ‘지역화된 문화적 행위’가 등장했던 시기이기도 했다. 과거에는 이와 같은 지역화된문화적 행위가 아프리카 중기구석기시대 초기 현생인류의 석기문화에서 처음으로 확인된다고 보았으나, 현재는 네안데르탈 사회에서도 이미 존재했다고 본다. 이처럼 초기 현생인류와 혈연적으로 관련 없는 네안데르탈의 사회에서 지역화된 문화적 행위가 확인된다는 사실은 초기 현생인류와 네안데르탈 사이의 인지능력을 둘러싼 오랜 논쟁에 새로운실마리를 던져 준다. 현재 연대 문제에서 논란이 있는 전곡리를 제외하면 한반도에서 발견되는 양면석기들은 유럽에서처럼 MIS 3기에 집중되는 양상을 보이지만, 왜 그와 같은 현상이 유라시아 동단과 서단에서 거의 동시대적으로 나타나게 되었는지는 아직 알 수 없다. 다만 이번 연구에서 강조하고 싶은 점은 동아시아라는 거시적 틀에서 볼 때 이처럼 늦은 시기까지 양면석기문화가 지속되는 경우는 드물다는 점이다. 향후 중국 북부지역 늦은 시기의 양면석기와 비교분석을 통해 중기구석기시대 한반도 양면석기문화의 보편성과 특수성을 규명할 필요가 있다. 역으로 미시적으로 한반도에서도 양면석기문화가 지역적으로 다양했는지 구체적으로 검토해 봐야 한다. 유럽과 아프리카의 사례에서처럼, 한반도에서도 양면석기를 중심으로 ‘지역화된 문화적 행위’가 있었는지 확인해 봐야 한다는 뜻이다.

Abstract

This study argues that the standard narrative currently used in the Korean Paleolithic academic community is the result of the formal taxonomic approach, which was the dominant stone tool research methodology from the late 19th century to the early 19th century, and also attempts to clarify that such a standard narrative does not fit well with archaeological reality even in Europe, where it originated. The bifacial tools cultures that emerged in the late Middle Paleolithic in Europe can be largely divided into five regions: the MTA in southwestern France, the KMG, which is widely observed from the east of the Rhine River to the Altai Mountains, the MOB in northern western Europe, the Bout-Coupé culture in Britain, and the Vasconian, which developed along the northern slope of the Pyrenees. What is interesting is that the various bifacial tools cultures that developed independently in each region of the European continent were concentrated in MIS 3 (60,000–24,000 years ago). It was also the first time in human history that ‘localized cultural practices’ in some sense appeared. In the past, it was thought that such localized cultural practices were first confirmed in the stone tool culture of early modern humans in the Middle Paleolithic period in Africa, but it is now believed that they already existed in Neanderthal society. The fact that localized cultural practices were confirmed in the Neanderthal society, which was not related to early modern humans by blood, sheds new light on the long-standing debate over the cognitive abilities of early modern humans and Neanderthals. Excluding Jeongok ri, which is currently controversial in terms of dating, the bifacial stone tools found in the Korean Peninsula show a pattern of being concentrated in the MIS 3 period, as in Europe, but it is still unknown why such a phenomenon appeared almost simultaneously in the eastern and western parts of Eurasia. As in the cases of Europe and Africa, it is necessary to examine whether ‘localized cultural behaviors’ centered on biface stone tools existed on the Korean Peninsula.

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