청대 강남 농민의 소득 구조 ― 송대와의 비교를 중심으로 ―
On the Income structure of the Jiangnan Farmers in the Qing Dynasty — Focused on the comparison with the Song Dynasty —
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No farmers at any time and any region would not want to have more revenue and more stable benefits. To achieve this goal, various conditions such as stable agricultural conditions and the development of rural markets were essential. In the Song Dynasty, intensive agricultural methods have already emerged but the conditions for land have not been met to realize them and the rural markets have not developed either. Therefore, under these conditions, benefits from farming were inevitably high in general. After that time, through the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the rural markets have been developed with the incorporation of the silver economy and the conditions for farming began to be equipped to handle the flood damage as well. This enabled farmers to increase agricultural production in a way of intensifying agricultural work. Farmers not only have been doing diverse works from planting and weeding to harvest according to their agricultural power but also trying to plant various species in a way of distributing family labor forces to equalize the labor demands for farming season evenly and avoid to hire external labor forces. Further to this, members of the small farming were engaged in the cotton textile industry (that is, the Proto industry) using surplus labor during the agricultural off-season. In other words, farmers in the Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty were to able to overcome the limitation of natural resources, especially limits of the area of land, through technological and institutional efforts to fully make use of the family labor forces and reach the goal of the continuous population growth and a gradual rise of living standards. As such, the continuous improvement of labor intensity has led to a significant increase in the absorbency of labor forces (annual working days per person and working hours per day), and with this regard, the industrial revolution took place in the Jiangnan region in the Qing Dynasty.
Abstract
No farmers at any time and any region would not want to have more revenue and more stable benefits. To achieve this goal, various conditions such as stable agricultural conditions and the development of rural markets were essential. In the Song Dynasty, intensive agricultural methods have already emerged but the conditions for land have not been met to realize them and the rural markets have not developed either. Therefore, under these conditions, benefits from farming were inevitably high in general. After that time, through the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the rural markets have been developed with the incorporation of the silver economy and the conditions for farming began to be equipped to handle the flood damage as well. This enabled farmers to increase agricultural production in a way of intensifying agricultural work. Farmers not only have been doing diverse works from planting and weeding to harvest according to their agricultural power but also trying to plant various species in a way of distributing family labor forces to equalize the labor demands for farming season evenly and avoid to hire external labor forces. Further to this, members of the small farming were engaged in the cotton textile industry (that is, the Proto industry) using surplus labor during the agricultural off-season. In other words, farmers in the Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty were to able to overcome the limitation of natural resources, especially limits of the area of land, through technological and institutional efforts to fully make use of the family labor forces and reach the goal of the continuous population growth and a gradual rise of living standards. As such, the continuous improvement of labor intensity has led to a significant increase in the absorbency of labor forces (annual working days per person and working hours per day), and with this regard, the industrial revolution took place in the Jiangnan region in the Qing Dynasty.
참고문헌 (117)
- "明成化實錄", ~
- "淳熙三山志", ~
- "淸經世文編", ~
- 康熙, "常熟縣志", ~
- 乾隆, "吳縣志", ~
- 光緖, "嘉定縣志", ~
- 光緖, "嘉定縣志", ~
- 祁寯藻, "馬首農言", ~
- 道潛, "參寥子詩集", ~
- 陶煦, "租覈", ~
- 方回, "古今攷", ~
- 謝維新, "古今合壁事類備要", ~
- 徐光啓, "農政全書", ~
- 徐獻忠, "吳興掌故集", ~
- 葉夢珠, "閱世編", ~
- 葉紹袁, "啓禎記聞錄", ~
- 吕南公, "灌園集", ~
- 陸文衡, "嗇菴隨筆", ~
- 蘇軾, "東坡先生詩", ~
- 倪岳, "青溪漫稿", ~
- 吳淵, "退庵先生遺集", ~
- 王柏, "魯齋王文憲公文集", ~
- 陸世儀, "陸桴亭思辨錄輯要", ~
- 張履祥, "楊園先生全集", ~
- 張方平, "樂全集", ~
- 朱國禎, "涌幢小品", ~
- 沈括, "夢溪筆談", ~
- 包世臣, "齊民四術", ~
- 馮汝弼, "祐山雜說", ~
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