15세기 명･티무르제국 간의 조공무역과 인도양 교역 네트워크 ― 중국 문헌자료에 나타난 세계화의 단상 ―
The Tribute Trade of Ming Dynasty-Timurid Dynasty in the 15th century and Indian Ocean Trade Network — An aspect of globalization in Chinese literature —
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This paper aimed to examine the aspect of globalization, giving a focus on the issues of the lion tribute and the return through the sea route in the 19th reign year of Chenghua(成化). The issues of Timurid envoy's tribute and return through the sea route are able to be approached from the perspective of circulation of goods and information in the trade network of the Indian Ocean. In fact, the lion tribute incident in 1483 was not a diplomatic ritual but a trade act that was led only by Paryukwan, who understood the Eurasian trade network and the tribute compensation manual. In addition, the government's recognition of Paliuwan’s returning via Malacca is seen as a clue that the Ming government also understood that there was close exchange between the West Region(西域) and the ‘West Ocean(西洋)’ and did not set institutional restriction on it. The problem of the Timurid envoys' qualification was often pointed out from the Yongle(永樂) years. In fact, although tribute was a solemn ritual in East Asia, when it was seen from the point of view of merchants in Central Asia, tribute trade was one of the commercial activities that brought enormous profits. They were allowed to present the tribute by joining the envoy, and if not, they could trade their goods in the Ganzhou(甘州) and Suzhou(肅州) areas. Under the relationship between Ming and Timurid, merchants took advantage of diplomatic procedures or rituals to participate in tribute trade, and even when the unified power did not exist in inland Asia in the late 15th century, they approached China in an autonomous and common trade way. Inland envoys did seldom meet the diplomatic rituals that the Ming proposed or violated relevant regulations. Emissaries might not be real messengers as Ming's conservative officials suspected. However, they brought diverse goods including gold, silver, and jewelry from India, Arab, the Indian Ocean and even Africa. Even, items such as 鑌鐵刀, 鎖服, 撒哈剌, and 水晶椀 were overlapped with the tributes given by Calicut or Malacca. In addition, rose perfumes and glass products were produced and distributed throughout Europe and Asia These Timurid tribute lists showed that the Indian Ocean's maritime trade network linked by monsoons was connected to Europe, Africa, Central Asia, East Asia and even grasslands. The commercial achievements of Southeast Asia in the 1450s or 1500s are not denied, but the achievement of the sea is often confined to the sea. However, when the tribute list was looked at, it was understood that commercial energy of the trade network created by interaction between inland and coastal areas was transferred to deep inland areas such as Europe, West Asia, India, China, Russia and the Mongolian grasslands.
Abstract
This paper aimed to examine the aspect of globalization, giving a focus on the issues of the lion tribute and the return through the sea route in the 19th reign year of Chenghua(成化). The issues of Timurid envoy's tribute and return through the sea route are able to be approached from the perspective of circulation of goods and information in the trade network of the Indian Ocean. In fact, the lion tribute incident in 1483 was not a diplomatic ritual but a trade act that was led only by Paryukwan, who understood the Eurasian trade network and the tribute compensation manual. In addition, the government's recognition of Paliuwan’s returning via Malacca is seen as a clue that the Ming government also understood that there was close exchange between the West Region(西域) and the ‘West Ocean(西洋)’ and did not set institutional restriction on it. The problem of the Timurid envoys' qualification was often pointed out from the Yongle(永樂) years. In fact, although tribute was a solemn ritual in East Asia, when it was seen from the point of view of merchants in Central Asia, tribute trade was one of the commercial activities that brought enormous profits. They were allowed to present the tribute by joining the envoy, and if not, they could trade their goods in the Ganzhou(甘州) and Suzhou(肅州) areas. Under the relationship between Ming and Timurid, merchants took advantage of diplomatic procedures or rituals to participate in tribute trade, and even when the unified power did not exist in inland Asia in the late 15th century, they approached China in an autonomous and common trade way. Inland envoys did seldom meet the diplomatic rituals that the Ming proposed or violated relevant regulations. Emissaries might not be real messengers as Ming's conservative officials suspected. However, they brought diverse goods including gold, silver, and jewelry from India, Arab, the Indian Ocean and even Africa. Even, items such as 鑌鐵刀, 鎖服, 撒哈剌, and 水晶椀 were overlapped with the tributes given by Calicut or Malacca. In addition, rose perfumes and glass products were produced and distributed throughout Europe and Asia These Timurid tribute lists showed that the Indian Ocean's maritime trade network linked by monsoons was connected to Europe, Africa, Central Asia, East Asia and even grasslands. The commercial achievements of Southeast Asia in the 1450s or 1500s are not denied, but the achievement of the sea is often confined to the sea. However, when the tribute list was looked at, it was understood that commercial energy of the trade network created by interaction between inland and coastal areas was transferred to deep inland areas such as Europe, West Asia, India, China, Russia and the Mongolian grasslands.
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