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도시공간개발의 뉴노멀과 도시양극화에 대한 연구

A Study on the Urban Spatial Development of New Normal and Urban Polarization

서준교
한국지방자치학회 (Korean Association For Local Government Studies)|2020.12|한국지방자치학회보 (Journal of Local Government Studis)|제32권 제4호|pp. 127-155|DOI 10.21026/jlgs.2020.32.4.127

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키워드

뉴노멀New normal도시공간개발도시뉴노멀도시양극화민간주도형 도시공간개발친환경성과 압축성의 도시재생Environment friendly and compactness of urban regenerationPrivately- initiated urban spatial developmentUrban new normalUrban polarizationUrban spatial development
주제분류정치외교학

초록

뉴노멀은 저성장과 함께 낮은 소비, 생산, 수익률 등 기존의 경제영역에서 경험하지 못한 새로운 현상으로 관심을 증폭시키고 있다. 하지만, 뉴노멀은 국가단위에서 경제적 측면의 감소나 축소를 제외하고 실질적으로 뚜렷한 변화를 인식하기 쉽지 않다. 따라서 협의적 단위인 지역 또는 도시와 관련된 영향이나 효과를 중심으로 새로운 일상화된 현상, 즉 도시의 뉴노멀을 파악하는 것이 보다 합리적일 수 있다. 도시의 뉴노멀은 국가단위와 유사하게 감소와 축소가 핵심이다. 특히, 유럽과 북미 국가의 여러 도시들은 인구감소와 함께 낮은 출산, 인구고령화와 저급 노동력의 집중에 따른 인구구조의 변화뿐만 아니라 제조업의 급격한 감소와 실업률의 상승 등은 도시재정의 악화와 물리적 그리고 비물리적 측면의 급격한 낙후와 축소를 초래함으로서 도시쇠퇴와 함께 수축도시로 전락하게 되었다. 유럽과 북미의 수축도시들은 도시쇠퇴를 극복하기 위해 기존의 확대지향적인 도시개발에서 수축지향적인 접근을 중심으로 축소된 도시기능과 구조를 반영한 도시수축을 도시공간개발의 핵심 전략으로 추진하였다. 도시수축의 주요한 접근방법으로는 친환경성과 압축성을 내재한 도시재생으로 기개발지의 재활용을 전제함으로서 자연녹지의 보존뿐만 아니라 과잉개발에 따른 폐해도 방지하는 도시의 지속가능성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 강조하고 있다. 현재, 유럽과 북미 국가의 도시들뿐만 아니라 세계적으로도 이러한 형태의 도시공간개발은 일상화된 현상의 새로운 질서, 즉 도시의 뉴노멀로 자리 잡고 있다. 하지만, 유럽과 북미에 추진된 친환경성과 압축성의 도시재생을 통한 도시공간개발은 또 다른 도시문제를 양산하고 있다. 특히, 이러한 도시공간개발은 도시 내 특정 지역에 집중된 개발을 추진함에 따라 도시 내 발전과 성장의 격차와 함께 도시양극화를 초래하는 원인으로 지목되고 있다. 이러한 공간적 성장과 발전의 차별성은 민간부문의 주도, 민간주도형 도시공간개발에 의해 경제성과 수익성을 강조하는 방식으로 추진되기 때문이기도 하다. 본 연구는 친환경성과 압축성의 도시재생과 민간부문 주도의 도시공간개발에 따른 부작용이나 역효과로 인해 발생한 또 다른 도시의 뉴노멀로 거론되는 도시양극화에 대한 논증적 탐색과 분석을 목적으로 한다.

Abstract

A new phenomenon, new normal is characterized the phenomenon of down-scale in economy such as low-growth, low-consumption, low-production, low-return rates that has never been seen in the previous economic domain, which has received great attention. However, new normal in the national level is practically difficult to be appreciated distinct changes led by its effect and impact besides economic terms of reduction and decline. In a narrow measure, it can be reasonable that new normal in urban areas can be easier to understand its potential effect and impact. Urban new normal is also similar to the national level that reduction and decline are the main forms. Particularly in Europe and North America, cities have been suffered from demographic changes, such as a decrease in population with low-birth rates, a increase in aging population and low-class labour. Moreover, the rapid decline in manufacturing industries has made a increase in unemployment, which led to the deterioration of municipal finance and also to the decline of physical and non-physical aspects of urban areas that have been acknowledged as reasons for urban decline and being shrinking cities. Shrinking cities in Europe and North America have attempted to overcome urban decline through urban shrinkage that becomes a key strategy of urban spatial development. The main strategy of urban shrinkage is environment friendly and compactness of urban regeneration that is basically to compact previously developed sites for reuse that can prevent from the development of natural greenfield for urban use and also from over-development, which would result in urban sustainability. Recently, the urban regeneration is a common practice of urban spatial development not only in Europe and North America but also in the world-wide that seems to become a new order as a urban new normal. However, urban regeneration with environment friendly and compactness has produced adverse side effects, such as the serious gap of growth and development within a city, which has led to urban polarization and also has become another urban new normal. Reasons for the adverse side effects are various, but it is because of the way of urban spatial development and private-sector's dominant role of the development. The main purpose of this study is therefore to grasp the effects and impact of urban new normal and also its adverse side effects of growth and development differences and urban polarization.

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