경제적 불평등 시대의 정의론: 롤즈의 『정의론』에 대한 입체적 독해 방식을 중심으로
A Theory of Justice in the Era of Economic Inequality: focusing on an integral reading of John Rawls’sA Theory of Justice
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롤즈(John Rawls) 『정의론』(A Theory of Justice, 1971)이 출간된 지 50년이 지났다. 롤즈 정의론에 대한 학계의 지속적인 관심이 여전한 가운데 최근에는 정의론이 오늘날처럼 경제적 불평등이 극심한 신자유주의 자본주의 시대에도 유효한지에 대한 물음이 제기되고 있다. 이에 대해, 본 논문은 『정의론』에 대한 ‘입체적 독해’ 방식을 통해 롤즈의 정의론이 경제적 불평등 시대에 필요하고 적합한 정의론이라고 주장하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 『정의론』에 대한 ‘입체적 독해’를 통해 『정의론』이 어떤 평등을 지향하는지를 규명하고(2절), 이를 토대로 롤즈 정의론을 가장 잘 구현하는 재산소유 민주주의(property-owning democracy) 체제가 어떻게 하면 자본주의의 대안으로서 경제적 불평등에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있는지를 모색하고자 한다(3절). 이런 논의는 롤즈 정의론이 추구하는 관계적 평등(relational equality)의 성격을 규명해 줄 뿐만 아니라, 롤즈 정의론의 재산소유 민주주의가 이상론과 비이상론의 통합적 구조 속에서 어떻게 현실성(feasibility)을 확보할 수 있을지를 제시할 것이다.
Abstract
It's been 50 years since the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). As scholarly interest in Rawls's A Theory of Justice continues to rise, recent questions have been raised about whether it is still relevant in the contemporary era of neoliberal capitalism with extreme economic inequality. To answer this question, this paper will argue that Rawls's A Theory of Justice is a necessary and appropriate theory of justice in an era of economic inequality through an "integral reading" of A Theory of Justice. To do so, I will first identify the kind of equality that A Theory of Justice seeks to promote (section 2), and then explore how a property-owning democracy, which best embodies Rawlsian justice, can effectively respond to economic inequality as an alternative to capitalism (section 3). This discussion will not only clarify the nature of the relational equality that Rawlsian justice seeks, but also suggest how property-owning democracy can be made feasible within an integrated structure of ideal theory and non-ideal theory.
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